08 



RUSSIA. 



western Russia, 62,000 in the center, 31,000 in 

 the southeast, 33,000 in the Caucasus, 42,000 in 

 the northwest and Poland, 32,000 in the north 

 and Finland, and 62,000 in Siberia. Manufac- 

 turing in Russia proper employed 2,098,242 per- 

 sons in 1899, and the value of the products was 

 2,839,144,000 rubles. There were 39,029 estab- 

 lishments. The value of cotton manufactures in 

 1897 was 430,218,000 rubles. The quantity of 

 tobacco manufactured in 1898 was 85,220 tons. 

 The production of spirits in 1900 was 87,098,000 

 gallons. The number of distilleries was 2,046. 

 Since July 1, 1901, the Government monopolizes 

 the sale of spirits throughout European Russia. 

 The production of beer in 1898 by 1,017 brewer- 

 ies, was 115,860,000 gallons. There were 1,454,000 

 acres planted to the sugar-beet in 1901, and there 

 were 277 sugar factories. The production of re- 

 fined sugar in 1898 was 754,758 tons. 



The total value of imports into Russia, inclu- 

 ding the trade with Finland, was 572,496,000 rubles 

 in 1900, compared with an average of 565,461,000 

 rubles for the previous five years; the value of 

 exports was 688,552,000 rubles, compared with 

 678,585,000 rubles. Excluding the trade with 

 Finland, amounting ,to 21,909,000 rubles of im- 

 ports and 41,950,000 rubles of exports, the im- 

 ports were 550,587,000 rubles, and the exports 

 647,502,000 rubles. Imports of articles of food 

 and drink were 79,780,000 rubles in value, and ex- 

 ports 381,215,000 rubles; imports of raw and part- 

 ly manufactured -articles were 304,579,000 rubles, 

 and exports 269,942,000 rubles; imports of live ani- 

 mals were 1,136,000 rubles, and exports 17,900,000 

 rubles; imports of manufactured articles were 

 187,001,000 rubles, and exports 19,495,000 rubles. 

 The exports of wheat were 37,628,256 hundred- 

 weight; of rye, 30,051,015 hundredweight; of bar- 

 ley, 17,282,558 hundredweight; of oats, 25,794,862 

 hundredweight; of corn, 6,158,523 hundredweight; 

 of other cereal products, 18,120,891 hundred- 

 weight. Of wheat, 23,932,000 poods were ex- 

 ported to France, 15,397,000 poods to Great Brit- 

 ain, and 14,075,000 poods to the Netherlands; of 

 rye, 33,659,000 poods to France, 23,030,000 poods 

 to the Netherlands, and 12,053,000 poods to Great 

 Britain; of barley, 17,955,000 poods to Germany, 

 13,519,000 poods to Great Britain, and 8,652,000 

 poods to the Netherlands; of oats, 39,634,000 

 poods to Great Britain, 18,226,000 poods to the 

 Netherlands, and 17,575,000 poods to Germany, 

 France, and Belgium. 4 The naphtha exports in 

 1900 were 71,204,000 poods of illuminating oil, 

 10,724,000 poods of lubricating oil, and 4,759,000 

 poods of waste; total, 86,687,000 poods. The ex- 

 ports of eggs, which go to Germany, France, and 

 Austria, were 1,780,000,000 in number, valued at 

 31,352,000 rubles, besides 52,000 poods of pre- 

 served eggs in cans, valued at 231,000 rubles. The 

 total value of grain and flour exported was 304,- 

 698,000 rubles; of eggs, 31,583,000 rubles; of 

 sugar, 16,330,000 rubles; of dairy-products, 13,- 

 709,000 rubles; of potatoes, vegetables, and fruits, 

 3,072,000 rubles; of fish and caviar, 2,317,000 ru- 

 bles; of meat, 1,197,000 rubles; of tobacco and 

 cigarettes, 2,457,000 rubles; of alcohol and liq- 

 uors, 682,000 rubles; of various food products, 

 5,170,000 rubles. Among raw materials and part- 

 ly manufactured goods exported the value of tim- 

 ber and wood manufactures was 58,384,000 rubles; 

 of flax, 49,068,000 rubles ; of naphtha products, 45,- 

 973 rubles; of oil-seeds, etc., 37,945,000 rubles; of 

 oil-cake, 15,540,000 rubles; of furs and leather, 

 13,729,000 rubles; of hemp, 9.450,000 rubles; of 

 bristles, feathers, and hair, 7,343.000 rubles; of 

 manganese ore, 6,360,000 rubles ; of wool, 5,930,000 

 rubles; of platinum and other raw metals, 1,840,- 



000 rubles; of other articles in a crude or half- 

 manufactured state, 18,380,000 rubles. Of the 

 manufactured goods exported the value of metal 

 manufactures was 3,532,000 rubles; of gutta- 

 percha manufactures, 3,494,000 rubles; of cotton 

 goods, 2,081,000 rubles; of woolen goods, 1,820,000 

 rubles; of various manufactures, 8,568,000 rubles. 

 Of food articles and beverages imported the value 

 of tea was 23,639,000 rubles, besides 16,555,000 ru- 

 bles through Asia; value of fish, 13,130,000 rubles; 

 of wine, beer, and spirits, 12,735,000 rubles; of 

 fruits, vegetables, and nuts, 10,061,000 rubles; of 

 coffee, 5,430,000 rubles; of rice, 2,196,000 rubles, 

 besides 1,491,000 rubles from Persia; of tobacco, 

 2,193,000 rubles; of various articles, 10,396,000 ru- 

 bles. Of raw and partly manufactured articles the 

 imports of raw cotton were 63,201,000 rubles ; of 

 coal and coke, 42,589,000 rubles; of metals, 36,673,- 

 000 rubles; of wool and woolen yarn, 21,759,000 ru- 

 bles; of gums and resins, 21,178,000 rubles; of 

 leather, hides, and skins, 15,397,000 rubles; of silk 

 and silk yarn, 13,282,000 rubles; of chemicals, 12,- 

 560,000 rubles; of colors, 11,026,000 rubles; of 

 various materials, 66,914,000 rubles. Among the 

 manufactured goods imported the value of ma- 

 chinery was 76,665,000 rubles ; of metal goods, 29,- 

 022,000 rubles; of textile goods, 16,029,000 rubles; 

 of various manufactures, 65,285,000 rubles. The 

 values in rubles of the imports from and exports to 

 the principal countries in 1900 are given in the 

 following table: 



From the United States the value of 43,615,000 

 rubles was imported; from China, 16,278,000 ru- 

 bles; from Egypt, 11,958,000 rubles. Exports to 

 the Netherlands were valued at 69,192,000 rubles; 

 to Italy, 36,765,000 rubles; to Turkey, 18,322,000 

 rubles; to Denmark, 18,290,000 rubles. The im- 

 ports from Great Britain formed 22.3 per cent, 

 of the total imports in 1900, the same as in 1890, 

 while the percentage of Germany rose from 27.5 

 to 37.6 per cent. The Government is endeavoring 

 to induce the farmers to grow wheat and corn for 

 the British market instead of rye for the German 

 market since the increase of the German protective 

 duties. The cultivation of corn has already 

 doubled since 1883. More Russian butter is sold 

 now in England than in Germany, and eggs and 

 poultry are exported, but not meat, because the 

 quality of the Russian breeds of cattle is inferior. 

 American as well as German competition affects 

 British exports to Russia. 



Russia did not take part in the Brussels Sugar 

 Conference (see BELGIUM), contending that no 

 sugar bounties were granted by its Government 

 to exporters. This involved the Government in 

 a controversy with the English and other govern- 

 ments that signed the convention of the same 

 kind that has existed between the Russian and the 

 United States governments. Finance Minister 

 Witte proposed a further conference to reconsider 

 the sugar question. Germany, England, Austria, 

 and France declined to reopen the question. The 

 English Government replied on July 30 that it 

 had agreed to the formation of an international 

 commission empowered to determine whether 

 bounties existed in states which had not signed 

 the convention ; therefore, if Russia did not ad- 

 here to the convention, and if the commission, 

 when constituted, recognized the existence of sugar 



