640 



SOUTH AFRICA. 



for restocking the farms were brought from Mad- 

 agascar and other countries by the Government, 

 and Boers were allowed to go to Cape Colony to 

 buy breeding stock. Lord Milner had a plan for 

 settling British farmers on irrigated farms of 20 

 acres or more and grazing farms of 2,000 or 3,000 

 acres. Excepting some of the discharged soldiers, 

 no settlers were found suitable to form colonies, 

 nor could they be started until large sums had 

 been spent on irrigiation works for the agricul- 

 tural colonies. The Government possessed large 

 tracts of land and also many town lots. The 

 most valuable undeveloped mining lands in the 

 country belonged to the Government. Those 

 whose capabilities were known had been promised 

 by the Republican Government to the miners, to 

 be apportioned by lot. The lands next to the 

 Rand mines under which the ledges run far below 

 the surface were promised to the mining com- 

 panies at a fixed price. Mr. Chamberlain disap- 

 pointed the miners and prospectors when he in- 

 timated that the Government would not, like 

 the Republican Government, give away such val- 

 uable assets in the future, and the opinion of the 

 mining community was that unless prospectors 

 were, on paying a small license fee, allowed to 

 peg claims no one would explore new territory 

 for gold. The Government increased the tax on 

 mining profits from 5 per cent, to 10 per cent. 

 Lord Milner was perplexed by the financial diffi- 

 culties that beset him. He endeavored to induce 

 the Cape and Natal governments to abolish the 

 duties on mealies and other foodstuffs imposed 

 for the protection of their agriculture from over- 

 sea competition and also to reduce their railroad 

 tariffs. When they refused he intimated to the 

 Cape Commissioner of Public Works that the mil- 

 itary rule might be restored in Cape Colony. 

 The freight in the Transvaal sections of the rail- 

 roads is twice as high as on the Cape and Natal 

 railroads, and he could not reduce that without 

 a deficit in his budget. The South African 

 freights are the main cause of the dearness of 

 living in the Transvaal. Goods transported 1,500 

 miles in the United States and thence by steamer 

 pay higher rates for the rest of the carriage to 

 Johannesburg than the rail and ocean freights 

 to Delagoa Bay. The estimate of revenue for 

 the Transvaal for the year ending June 30, 1903, 

 is 4,000,000, and of expenditure 3,700,000. Sir 

 Arthur Lawley was appointed Lieutenant-Gov- 

 ernor of the Transvaal under the High Commis- 

 sioner and entered upon office on Sept. 1. 



Swaziland. The native territory of Swazi- 

 land, inhabited by a branch of the Zulus, was a 

 dependency of the South African Republic. It 

 has an area of 8,500 square miles and a popula- 

 tion of about 65,000 natives and 1,000 whites. 

 The latter are Boers who have obtained farms 

 from the native chiefs and British traders. 

 Ngwani, or Bunu, the paramount chief, died in 

 December, 1899, and a queen regent rules the 

 natives. When the Boer War broke out the Boer 

 officials and almost all the other whites left the 

 country. The revenue is about 32,000 and the 

 expenditure has been 80,000. 



Rhodesia. Matabeleland and Mashonaland 

 were declared to be within the British sphere of 

 influence in 1888, and in 1889 the British South 

 Africa Company was chartered and empowered 

 to administer these countries and to exploit their 

 mineral and other resources with the object of 

 promoting trade, encouraging colonization, and ex- 

 tending northward the railroad and telegraph 

 systems of Cape Colony. The sphere over which 

 the administrative powers and commercial priv- 

 ileges were extended, after the agreement to 



which Portugal, yielding to superior force, sub- 

 scribed on June 11, 1891, embraced all the re- 

 gions north of the Transvaal and Cape Colony 

 and south of the Congo State and German East 

 Africa, west of the territories of Mozambique 

 and Lourenc.0 Marques left to Portugal and east 

 of the Portuguese colony of Angola and German 

 Damaraland and Namaqualand. British Bechu- 

 analand was subsequently annexed to Cape Col- 

 ony, the British Central African Protectorate ob- 

 tained the right to retain its separate administra- 

 tion, and the Bechuanaland Protectorate was 

 placed under the immediate direction of the High 

 Commissioner. On Nov. 25, 1898, after Dr. 

 Jameson's raid from Matabeleland into the Trans- 

 vaal, a new scheme of government was promul- 

 gated. A Resident Commissioner is appointed by 

 the Secretary of State for the Colonies, and to 

 assist the company's administrator there is an 

 Executive Council, consisting of the Resident 

 Commissioner, the administrators of the different 

 divisions, his subordinates, and 4 members ap- 

 pointed for three years by the company with the 

 approval of the Secretary of State. A Legislative 

 Council was created, consisting of the company's 

 administrator, who presides, the Resident Com- 

 missioner, 5 members appointed by the company 

 and approved by the Secretary of State, and 4 

 members elected by the registered electors. The 

 life of the Legislative Council is three years 

 unless it is dissolved previously. It has power 

 to pass ordinances which have the effect of law 

 when approved by the Resident Commissioner, 

 but may be vetoed at any time within a year. 

 Financial estimates for each year are submitted 

 to the Legislative Council by the company's ad- 

 ministrator, and when passed must have the ap- 

 proval of the Resident Commissioner. Judges are 

 nominated by the company and confirmed by the 

 Secretary of State. Natives are on an equal po- 

 litical footing with whites, excepting that no 

 arms, ammunition, or liquor may be sold to them. 

 A secretary for native affairs looks after their 

 interests under the direction of the Resident Com- 

 missioner, who has entire control over the mili- 

 tary police. If the company takes possession of 

 mineral lands within the native reservations, 

 other lands must be given in exchange. The Resi- 

 dent Commissioner in 1902 was Lieut.-Col. Sir 

 Marshal J. Clarke. The administrator of South- 

 ern Rhodesia was W. H. Milton; administrator 

 of Northeastern Rhodesia, Robert E. Codrington; 

 administrator of Northwestern Rhodesia, R. T. 

 Coryndon. The capital of the British South Afri- 

 ca Company, originally 1.000,000, has been suc- 

 cessively increased to 4,375,000 of stock and 

 1,250,000 of debentures. The revenue, derived 

 from mining, trading, and professional licenses, 

 business stands, and the postal and telegraph 

 services, amounted to 469.000, and expend- 

 itures, including supplementary estimates, to 

 758,582. The regions covered by the charter of 

 the British South Africa Company have a total 

 area of over 1,000.000 square miles, of which 300,- 

 000 lie south and 700,000 . north of the X.-unl.csi 

 river. The division bounded by 22 of south lati- 

 tude and the Limpopo on the south and the Zam- 

 besi on the north, known as Southern Rhodc-ia. 

 embracing Matabeleland and Mashonaland, has 

 an area of 144,000 square miles. The population of 

 Matabeleland in May, 1901. comprised 4,021 Ku- 

 peans, 187 Asiatics." and 328,729 natives. The 

 population of Mashonaland comprised 7,011 Eu- 

 ropeans, 906 Asiatics, and 162.211 natives. At 

 the end of 1901 there were over 300 companies 

 or syndicates formed for the purpose of mining 

 in Rhodesia, mostly for the development and ex- 



