SPAIN. 



645 



the Executive Committee. These began with a 

 prayer by the Rev. Charles S. Veclder. Then 

 came addresses by J. Adger Smyth, Mayor of 

 Charleston; F. W. Wagener, president of the ex- 

 position ; Capt. S. G. Butler, of the United States 

 Marines ; Henry E. Dosch, commissioner from Ore- 

 gon; John F. Ficken, counsel of the exposition; 

 and others; after which resolutions presenting the 

 thanks of the people of Charleston and the State 

 of South Carolina to the exposition officials were 

 offered by Wilson G. Harvey. A military parade, 



THE MANUFACTURES BUILDING. 



terminating in a sham battle, fought on the race- 

 course, brought the exercises to an end. The 

 buildings were closed at dusk, but the Midway 

 continued open until midnight, when taps were 

 sounded, a salute was fired, and the lights were 

 turned out. 



Results. At its close it was conceded that 

 considerable good had been accomplished by hold- 

 ing an exposition in Charleston, but the number 

 of exhibitors was comparatively small, and the 

 attendance light. It was estimated that at least 

 a million persons would visit the exposition, but 

 at its close the returns showed that fewer than 

 half that number had attended. This was due 

 largely to the fact that the white population of 

 Charleston is comparatively small, and of that 

 number many could not afford to visit the expo- 

 sition as frequently as was expected. It naturally 

 followed, therefore, that there was a deficit at the 

 close of the exposition, which was estimated to 

 be about 30 per cent., and in consequence the Ex- 

 position Company went into the hands of a re- 

 ceiver. Subsequently, a bill was introduced into 

 Congress asking for an appropriation of $160,000 

 to make good the deficit, and a bill affording re- 

 lief became a law. At the close of the exposition 

 the City Council adopted a report recommending 

 the^ purchase of 70 acres of the exposition 

 site, agreeing to pay $32,500 for it, largely in re- 

 sponse to a sentiment that a lasting memorial of 

 the exposition should be had as a suburban park. 



Literature. During the life of the exposition 

 a monthly periodical, entitled The Exposition, 

 was regularly issued, and illustrated articles, with 

 the titles of the Ivory City, by T. Cuyler Smith, 

 appeared in Frank Leslie's Popular Monthly for 

 March, 1902, and A Great Southern Exposition, by 

 James B. Townsend, appeared in the Cosmopolitan 

 for the same month. The illustrations in this ar- 

 ticle were furnished by Edward Block. 



SOUTH DAKOTA. (See under UNITED 

 STATES.) 



SPAIN, a kingdom in southwestern Europe. 

 The legislative power is vested in the Cortes, con- 

 sisting of a Senate of 360 members and a Congress 

 of 401 members. Of the Senators half are heredi- 

 tary, official, and life members, and half are elect- 

 ed by provincial and communal assemblies, uni- 



versities, learned societies, and the most highly 

 assessed taxpayers. Princes of the royal family, 

 grandees of Spain having 60,000 pesetas of income, 

 captains-general of the army, admirals of the 

 fleet, archbishops, and Supreme Court judges are 

 members by right of birth or of office. There are 

 80 of these and 100 appointed for life, and the rest 

 are elected for ten years or the duration of the 

 Cortes. Members of the Congress are elected for 

 five years by universal adult male suffrage. The 

 reigning King is Alfonso XIII, born May 17, 1886, 

 son of Alfonso XII and Archduchess Maria Chris- 

 tina of Austria, who was Queen Regent from the 

 King's birth until he came of age on May 17, 

 1902. The Cabinet constituted on March 6, 1901, 

 was composed as follows: President of the Coun- 

 cil, P. M. Sagasta; Minister of Foreign Affairs, 

 the Duke of Almodovar; Minister of Justice and 

 Worship, the Marquis Teverga; Minister of War, 

 Gen. A. Weyler; Minister of Marine, the Duke of 

 Veragua; Minister of Finance, Senor Urzaiz; 

 Minister of the Interior, Senor Gonzalez; Minis- 

 ter of Public Instruction, Count Romanones; Min- 

 ister of Agriculture, Industry, Commerce, and 

 Public Works, M. Villanueva. 



Area and Population. The area of the king- 

 dom is 197,670 square miles, including ports on the 

 coast of Morocco having an area of 13 square 

 miles and 11,003 inhabitants. The total popula- 

 tion of the kingdom at the census of 1897 was 

 18,089,500, consisting of 8,773,730 males and 9,315,- 

 770 females. The non-Spanish elements are about 

 440,000 speaking the Basque language in the Pyr- 

 enees, 60,000 Morescoes in the south, 50,000 gip- 

 sies and a comparatively small number of Jews. 

 The legal population in 1897 was 18,226,040. The 

 population of the chief towns was as follows: 

 Madrid, 512,150; Barcelona, 509,589; Valencia, 

 204,768; Sevilla, 146,205; Malaga, 125,579; Mur- 

 cia, 108,408. The number of marriages in 1900 

 was 161,201; of births, 627,848; of deaths, 536,716; 

 excess of births, 91,132. The number of emigrants 

 in 1900 was 63,020, against 53,862 in 1899. 



Finances. The ordinary revenue for 1900 was 

 994,818,665 pesetas, and the ordinary expenditure 

 906,063,503 pesetas. For 1901 the provisional re- 

 turns are 957,243,491 pesetas for revenue and 

 930,854,193 pesetas for expenditure. In the esti- 

 mates for 1902 the revenue is placed at 974,437,- 

 749 pesetas, of which 413,470,377 pesetas come from 

 direct taxes on land, trade, mines, incomes from 

 personal property, deeds, mortgages, bonds, Govern- 

 ment salaries, etc. ; 339,590,000 pesetas come from 

 indirect taxes; 162,820,000 pesetas come from the 

 tobacco monopoly, the lottery, the mint, etc.; 21,- 

 025.358 pesetas are revenues from, and 8,350,000 

 pesetas come from sales of national property; and 

 29,182,014 pesetas come from the public treasury. 

 The estimates of expenditure for 1902 amount to 

 971,176,259 pesetas, of which 9,406,849 pesetas 

 are for the civil list, 1,838,085 pesetas for the 

 Cortes, 413,811,806 pesetas for the public-debt 

 charges, 1,456,190 pesetas for courts of law, 71,- 

 780,500 pesetas for pensions, 985,883 pesetas for 

 the Council of Ministers, 5,334,662 pesetas for the 

 Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 54.202.655 pesetas for 

 the Ministry of Justice and Worship. 154,506.716 

 pesetas for the Ministry of War, 35,941.702 pese- 

 tas for the Ministry of Marine. 52,578,158 pese- 

 tas for the Ministry of the Interior, 43,360,160 pe- 

 setas for the Ministry of Education and Fine Arts, 

 74.375,820 pesetas for the Ministry of Public 

 Works, Agriculture, and Commerce. 19,337,253 

 pesetas for the Ministry of Finance. 30.259,820 pe- 

 setas for collection of taxes, and 2,000,000 pesetas 

 for colonial charges. 



The public debt on June 30, 1901, amounted to 



