SWITZERLAND. 



663 



German is spoken by the majority, in 5 the lan- 

 guage is French, in Ticino it is Italian, and in 

 Graubiinden, or Grisons, Roumansch is spoken. 

 The population of the Confederation was divided 

 as to language in 1900 as follows: German, 

 2,319,105; French, 733,220; Italian, 222,247 ; Rou- 

 mansch, 38,677. The number of foreigners resi- 

 ding in Switzerland in 1900 was 392.896. The num- 

 ber of marriages in 1900 was 25,538; of births, 

 98,419; of deaths, 60,572; excess of births, 32,- 

 847. The number of emigrants in 1000 was 3,816, 

 of whom 931 came from Bern, 556 from Ticino, 468 

 from Zurich, 240 from Basel Stadt, 188 from St. 

 Gall, and 1,433 from other cantons. The destina- 

 tion of 3,341 was the United States, while 341 

 went to South and Central America, 21 to Asia, 

 17 to Africa, and 16 to Australia. 



Finances. The revenue of the Federal Gov- 

 ernment for 1902 was estimated at 102,240,000 

 francs, of which 930,310 francs were derived from 

 real property, 2,108,389 francs from invested capi- 

 tal, 57,100 francs from the general administration, 

 36,500 francs from the Political Department, 99,- 

 900 francs from the Interior Department, 530,400 

 francs from the Department of Justice and Police, 

 2,791,100 francs from the Military Department, 

 225,000 francs from the Department of Finance, 

 46,000,000 francs from customs, 507,820 francs 

 from the Department of Commerce, Industry, and 

 Agriculture, 134,400 francs from railroads, 39,255,- 

 900 francs from the post-office, 9,548,600 francs 

 from telegraphs, and 14,581 francs from miscella- 

 neous sources. The total expenditure was esti- 

 mated at 108,120,000 francs, of which 4,249,480 

 francs were for interest and sinking-fund of the 

 debt, 1,131,400 francs for general administration, 

 683,100 francs for the Political Department, 12,- 

 766,541 francs for the Department of the Interior, 

 551,950 francs for the Department of Justice and 

 Police, 28,552,136 francs for the Military Depart- 

 ment, 775,100 francs for the Department of Fi- 

 nance, 5,156,000 francs for collection of customs, 

 1,485,200 francs for the Department of Commerce, 

 Industry, and Agriculture under the head of in- 

 dustry, 2,860,170 francs for agriculture, -659,900 

 francs for commerce, 25,900 francs for the Assay 

 Office, 395,000 francs for railroads, 37,047,900 

 francs for the post-office, 11,744,199 francs for 

 telegraphs, and 36,024 francs for miscellaneous 

 expenses. The debt of the Confederation on Jan. 

 1, 1901, amounted to 92,424,387 francs, most of it 

 paying 3 per cent, interest. The Confederation 

 owned real property worth 54,386,865 francs, 31,- 

 463,671 francs of securities, works producing prof- 

 its worth 32,886,011 francs, 20,180,281 francs' 

 worth of stores, 838,309 francs of collectable 

 debts, 38.233,021 francs in special funds, and 

 8,744,652 francs in the alcohol r&fjie, railroads, and 

 cash on hand ; total, 186,732,810 francs. 



The Army. Switzerland has a militia system 

 in which schoolboys at the age of eight begin 

 their military exercises, and shooting and other 

 martial accomplishments are prominent among 

 the sports of the people. The cantons maintain 

 the infantry and the main part of the cavalry 

 and artillery. The Federal Government provides 

 for their military training and maintains the 

 cavalry guides, the artillery park, the train, the 

 engineer corps, and the technical, administrative, 

 and sanitary troops. Recruits of education and 

 pecuniary means are selected for the engineers, 

 artillery, and cavalry. Men who do not serve in 

 the army pay a military tax of 6 francs and a 

 supplementary annual tax proportionate to their 

 means up to a maximum tax of 3,000 francs a 

 year. Half the tax goes to the Confederation 

 and half to the cantons. From the age of twenty 



to the age of thirty-two the men in the army be- 

 long to the Auszug or lite, then till the age of 

 forty-four to the Landwehr, and after that to the 

 age of fifty to the Landsturm. The Landwehr 

 is divided into 2 bans, the first comprising men 

 between the ages of thirty-two and forty, the sec- 

 ond those from forty to forty-four years of age. 

 The annual contingent of recruits for 1900 was 

 16,234. The number of men enrolled in the Aus- 

 zug and Landwehr was 252,598, and the number 

 paying the military tax was 292,737. The effect- 

 ive of the Auszug on Jan. 1, 1901, was 114,843 

 infantry, 4,641 cavalry, 20,113 artillery, 5,507 en- 

 gineers, 4,940 sanitary troops, 1,444 administrative 

 troops, and 278 cyclists, making a total of 151,- 

 766 officers and men; effective of the first ban of 

 Landwehr, 40,840 infantry, 3,433 cavalry, 11,174 

 artillery, 4,461 engineers, 2,912 sanitary troops, 

 825 administrative troops, and 89 cyclists, a total 

 of 63,734; second ban of Landwehr, 21,059 infan- 

 try, 2,403 artillery, 718 sanitary troops, and 29 

 administrative troops, a total of 24,209; Land- 

 sturm, 44,506 infantry, 2,981 artillery, 108,674 

 pioneers, 113,762 auxiliaries, 7,441 sanitary troops, 

 and 1,192 cyclists, a total of 278,556, of whom 

 those classed as pioneers and auxiliaries are not 

 provided with arms. Recruits receive instruction 

 for two or three months in the first year, and in 

 succeeding years the cavalry exercise annually 

 for ten days and the other troops for three weeks 

 every second year. 



Commerce and Production. Rye, oats, and 

 potatoes are the chief farm crops, but vineyards 

 and orchards occupy more land, and the mountain 

 pastures are a greater source of wealth than all 

 these. The exports of cheese in 1900 were 273,361 

 quintals; of condensed milk, 282,986 quintals. 

 There were 124,896 horses, 4,866 mules and asses, 

 1,340,375 cattle, 219,438 sheep, 354,634 goats, and 

 555,261 pigs in 1901. The wine produced on 30,- 

 448 hectares of vineyards in 1900 was 2,103,255 

 hectoliters. The production of salt in 1900 was 

 492,841 quintals; of cement, 571,920 metric tons. 

 The industries of the country are varied and 

 highly developed, including watch-making, jew- 

 elry, textile manufacture of many kinds, leather 

 and rubber, wood-making, chemical works, food 

 preparations, metallurgy, paper-making. The 

 quantity of beer brewed in 1900 was 2,166,372 

 hectoliters. The alcohol rtigie during the year 

 ending Aug. 31, 1901, sold 51,802 quintals of spir- 

 its for drinking and 47,208 quintals of methylated 

 spirits. The hotels of Switzerland are 1,896 in 

 number, having a capital of 550,480,000 francs. 



The total value of imports for consumption in 

 the country was 1,206,809,617 francs in 1900, and 

 the exports of domestic produce and manufacture 

 were valued at 884,898,771 francs. The total 

 value of effective imports, excluding goods in 

 transit, was 1,217,373,005 francs, and of effective 

 .exports 894,991,205 francs. In the special trade of 

 1900 imports of merchandise amounted to 1,058,- 

 944,569 francs, and exports to 818,692,454 francs; 

 imports of coin were 95,699,917 francs, and exports 

 48,819,071 francs: imports of uncoined precious 

 metals were 52.155.131 francs, and exports 17.387,- 

 246 francs. In the merchandise movement the 

 imports of cotton and cotton goods were 80,369,- 

 333 francs in value, and exports 167,614.696 francs 

 in value; imports of silkand silk goods 145,154,730 

 francs, and exports 224,509,565 francs; imports of 

 wool and woolen goods 55,856.338 francs, and ex- 

 ports 18.768.441 francs; imports of flax and linen 

 goods 12,612,505 francs, and exports 1,616,763 

 francs; imports of metals 104,573,900 francs, and 

 exports 12.453,241 francs; imports of mineral 

 substances 93,027,861 francs, and exports 4,764,241 



