664 



TURKEY. 



francs; imports of animals, 43,507,525 francs, and 

 exports 12,162,176 francs; imports of animal prod- 

 ucts 9,589,795 francs, and exports 12,113,882 

 francs; imports of leather and boots and shoes 

 23,758,055 francs, and exports 10,134,823 francs; 

 imports of articles of food and drink and tobac- 

 co 272,832,903 francs, and exports 104,029,231 

 francs; imports of chemicals and drugs 30,912,919 

 francs, and exports 13,044,356 francs; imports of 

 timber 27,981,819 francs, and exports 5,758,761 

 francs; imports of clocks and watches 3,482,304 

 francs, and exports 122,823,277 francs; imports of 

 machinery and vehicles 36,785,165 francs, and ex- 

 ports 49,510,963 francs; imports of oils 11,042,132 

 francs, and exports 507,198 francs; imports of ag- 

 ricultural products 6,667,079 francs, and exports 

 532,229 francs; imports of objects of science and 

 art 18,694,459 francs, and exports &,613,498 francs; 

 imports of paper 8,860,916 francs, and exports 

 3,403,713 francs; imports of glass and pottery 

 10,716,977 francs, and exports 1,148,636 francs; 

 imports of fertilizers, etc., 11,769,057 francs, and 

 exports 3,494,327 francs; imports of clothing 29,- 

 021,139 francs, and exports 11,269,777 francs; im- 

 ports of colors 7,473,037 francs, and exports 15,- 

 915,096 francs; imports of miscellaneous ai'ticles 

 14,264,621 francs, and exports 13,508,740 francs. 

 Among food-products wheat was imported of the 

 value of 69,701,809 francs and flour of the value 

 of 5,424,473 francs. The exports of cheese were 

 valued at 43,479,205 francs; condensed milk, 26,- 

 733,183 francs. The special imports from and ex- 

 ports to the different countries, including un-. 

 coined precious metals, were valued in 1900, in 

 francs, as follow: 



Bailroads, Posts, and Telegraphs. The rail- 

 roads in 1900 had a total length of 2,362 miles, be- 

 sides which there were 200 miles of rack and cable 

 railroads and tramways. The capital cost of the 

 railroads proper was 1,249,779,489 francs, and of 

 the other lines 37,101,609 francs; total, 1,286,881- 

 098 francs. Receipts in 1899 were 138,097,542 

 francs, and expenses 79,303,177 francs. The num- 

 ber of passengers carried in 1900 was 54,512,071; 

 freight traffic, 14,226,218 tons; receipts, 126,456,- 

 260 francs. 



The post-office in 1900 carried in the internal 

 service 93,646,364 letters, 39,602,887 postal cards, 

 37,175,298 book packets, etc., 987,901 samples, 117,- 

 231,417 newspapers, and 3,361,455 parcels, and of 

 foreign matter 21,139,703 letters, 15,657,275 postal 

 cards, 8,561,425 book packets, 935,961 samples, 

 and 1,518,633 parcels. The internal post-office 

 orders amounted to 622,629,803 francs; interna- 

 tional orders, 59,778,482 francs. 



The State telegraph-lines in 1900 had a length 

 of 4,286 miles, with 13,478 miles of wire, and there 

 were 1,412 miles of railroad and private telegraph- 

 lines, with 8,954 miles of wire. The number of 

 internal despatches was 1,577,974; international 

 despatches, 1,694,371; despatches in transit, 677,- 

 817. The telegraph receipts were 3,031,582 francs, 

 and expenses 3,043,952 francs; receipts from tele- 

 phones were 6,229,857 francs, and expenses 7,115,- 

 206 francs. The length of telephone-lines was 

 8,807 miles, with 82,342 miles of line. The num- 

 ber of conversations in 1900 was 25,626,772, 



Politics and Legislation. The acquisition of 

 the railroads by the Confederation was completed 

 in 1902 and the railroad bonds are being converted 

 into 3J-per-cent. federal bonds. The Federal 

 Council on Aug. 19 issued a decree requiring re- 

 ligious congregations and orders not authorized 

 by law to close in accordance with an article in 

 the Constitution prohibiting the founding of new 

 convents or orders or the reestablishment of such 

 as have been suppressed. In the general election 

 to the National Council on Oct. 26 the Radical- 

 Democratic majority was considerably strength- 

 ened. The number of members, owing to the 

 growth of the population, was increased from 147 

 to 167. For the future it has been decided by a 

 popular referendum that in apportioning 1 .-cut 

 to 20,000 inhabitants only the Swiss, not the to- 

 tal, population will be reckoned. 



T 



TELEGRAPHY, WIRELESS. (See WIRE- 

 LESS TELEGRAPHY.) 



TENNESSEE. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 TEXAS. (See under UNITED STATES.) 

 TURKEY, an empire in eastern Europe and 

 western Asia. The Government is an absolute 

 monarchy, the laws of which are founded on the 

 Koran. The Sultan exercises supreme civil au- 

 thority through the Grand Vizier and supreme 

 religious authority through the Sheik-ul-Islam, 

 whose appointment is made with the concurrence 

 of the Ulema,- a body composed of the highest 

 acknowledged exponents of Mohammedan, laws 

 and doctrines, summoned by the muftis, who are 

 the expounders of the Koran. The reigning Sul- 

 tan is Abdul Hamid II, thirty-fourth ruler of the 

 house of Osman and twenty-eighth since the cap- 

 ture of Constantinople in* 1453. born Sept. 22, 

 1842, son of Sultan Abdul Medjid and brother of 

 the deposed Sultan Murad V, whom he succeeded 

 on Aug. 31, 1876. The throne descends to the 

 senior prince born in the harem. The heir appar- 



ent is the Sultan's brother, Mohammed Reshad 

 born Nov. 3, 1844. The Privy Council, or Cat 

 inet, was composed in the beginning of 1902 

 follows: Grand Vizier, Kutchuk Said Pasha, aj 

 pointed Nov. 17, 1901; Sheik-ul-Islam, Jemak 

 din Effendi, appointed in September, 1891 : Mil 

 ister of the Interior, Memduh Pasha ; Minister 

 Justice and Worship, Abdurrahman 1'a-ha: Mil 

 ister of War, Riza Pasha; Minister of Marine 

 Hassan Pasha; Minister of Foreign Affaii-. Ai 

 med Tevfik Pasha; Minister of Finance, Reslui 

 Pasha; President of the Council of State. M 

 hammed Said Pasha; Grand Master of Artillery, 

 Mustafa Zekki Pasha; Minister of Evkafs. (Jalib 

 Pasha; Minister of Education, Zuhdi Pasha : Min- 

 ister of Public Works and Commerce. Zihni Pasha. 

 Area and Population. Turkey in Europe lias 

 an extent of 65. 7 52 square miles, with 6,086,300 

 inhabitants: Asiatic Turkey, 650.304 square miles, 

 with 17.545.300 inhabitants; Tripoli and Ben- 

 ghazi, 398.900 square miles, with 1,300,000 inhabit- 

 ants. The total area is 1,115,046 square miles 



