WEST AFRICA. 



835 



tribes. The products are palm-oil, palm-kernels, 

 ivory, rubber, ebony, camwood, indigo, gums, 

 hardwood, and hides. Cotton cloth, spirits, hard- 

 ware, tobacco, gunpowder, implements, pottery, 

 provisions, and brass and copper rod are the chief 

 imports. A military force of 1,080 native troops 

 is maintained. The number of Europeans in 1900 

 was 399. Custom-houses are established at the 

 ports of Wari, Burutu, Akassa, Brass, New Cala- 

 ban, Bony, Opobo, and Old Calabar. The British 

 Government has advanced 43,000 for harbor im- 

 provements. The High Commissioner for South- 

 ern Nigeria is Sir R. D. R. Moor. The fetish- 

 worshiping Aros were thoroughly s -bdued early 

 in 1902 by a strong expedition. The majority of 

 the chiefs made their submission without fight- 

 ing, and markets were established in their towns 

 protected by military posts. Those who resisted 

 fought stubbornly, and inflicted considerable 

 losses on the columns of native soldiery. Aro 

 Chuku, the center of fetish worship for Southern 

 Nigeria, was made a British post. The inhab- 

 itants were set to work building roads through 

 the country. 



Northern Nigeria embraces the former Fula 

 Empire of Sokoto and the tributary states of 

 Gandu, Kano, Katsena, Bautshi, Muri, Zaria, 

 Ilorin, Nupe, Kontagora, and the part of Ada- 

 mawa not included in the German sphere. In 

 these Mohammedan lands liquor is not allowed 

 to be sold, though on the border there is a neu- 

 tral zone where it may be stored and dispensed in 

 limited quantities. The Royal Niger Company 

 abolished by proclamation the legal status of 

 slavery, and this law the imperial authorities in- 

 tend to enforce wherever effective occupation ex- 

 ists. The part of the protectorate that is under 

 military control is divided into the provinces of 

 Borgu, Ilorin, Kontagora, Kabba, Bida, Bassa, 

 Upper Binue, Lower Binue, and Gwari. The 

 High Commissioner is Brig.-Gen. Sir F. J. D. Lu- 

 gard. Col. J. Morland commands the troops, 

 consisting of 2.500 native infantry, besides engi- 

 neers and artillery. The natives grow and weave 

 cotton, manufacture leather, raise indigo; gather 

 gum, copaiba, and other forest products, and ob- 

 tain ivory for export. Silver, tin, antimony, and 

 lead have been found. 



During 1901 the West African frontier force 

 organized by Sir Frederick Lugard established 

 British rule in Kontagora and Bida and in Brit- 

 ish Adamawa, where the Emir of Yola was de- 

 posed and a new one set up in his stead. In 1902 

 the operations were extended to Lake Chad, into 

 the region where the French had been compelled 

 to enter British territory, when they had the only 

 force in this region, in their campaigns against 

 Rabah and his son. The British expedition 

 under Lieut.-Col. Morland, 1,000 strong, ascended 

 the Benue from Lokoja and marched first against 

 the slave-raiding Emir of Bautshi, who fled to 

 Kano. A new Emir was installed, with a British 

 garrison to protect him. Col. Morland then pro- 

 ceeded with 350 men toward Lake Chad, occupied 

 the town of Gombe, captured Mallam Gibrella, 

 a religious leader whose cavalry charged the 

 column courageously, left a garrison in Gujba, 

 established a post at Mongornu, planted the Brit- 

 ish flag on the shore of Lake Chad, brought from 

 the French camp established temporarily in Ger- 

 man territory Shefogarbai, the rightful Sultan, 

 and set him up as Emir of British Bornu in 

 Mongornu pending the rebuilding of Kuka. which 

 Rabah had destroyed. The people settled down 

 to work under the new rule and cultivated more 

 land than they had for many years. The hamlet 

 that was made the Sultan's residence grew rap- 



idly into a town of 25,000 inhabitants. The Sul- 

 tans of Kano, Gando, and Sokoto still refused to 

 acknowledge British authority. The former made 

 military preparations to resist the invasion of 

 his territory and persuaded the chief of the town 

 of Zaria, which was occupied by the British, to 

 rebuild his defenses and make preparations to 

 expel the garrison, which was therefore strength- 

 ened. The Emir of Gando, who rules over a third 

 of the Hausa states, changed his attitude and 

 promised to open his country to trade. An ex- 

 pedition was sent against a Mohammedan chief 

 at Abuja, between the Benue and the Niger, and 

 he was caught and shot for having murdered 

 a native missionary. Zunguru, the new capital of 

 northern Nigeria, was connected with Zaria and 

 Bautshi by telegraph. A railroad is being built 

 between Zunguru and the Niger, a distance of 80 

 miles. A joint commission set out in November 

 to delimit the frontier between northern Nigeria 

 and the French sphere in accordance with the 

 Anglo-French agreement of 1898 and in continu- 

 ation of the work begun by the joint commis- 

 sion of 1900. The frontier from the northern 

 boundary of Lagos to the Niger had been de- 

 limited. A temporary boundary was fixed by 

 English and German officers between British and 

 German Bornu to stop friction caused by the 

 raids into British territory of the chief of Dikoa 

 and engaging in hostilities with the recently in- 

 stalled Emir of Bornu. In July Baron Lamber- 

 mont, Belgian Minister of State, delivered his de- 

 cision as arbitrator in the old disputes between 

 France and England concerning the Waima in- 

 cident and the seizure by the officers of the Royal 

 Niger Company of the French steamboat Sergent 

 Malamine on the Niger in 1894, pursuant to an 

 arbitration convention signed on April 3, 1901. 

 At Waima, which was decided afterward to be 

 in British territory, in the rivalry of territorial 

 occupation French and British native troops came 

 into collision. The seizure of the French steam- 

 boat prevented Lieut. Mizon from carrying out a 

 political mission to the Benue and the middle 

 Niger. As the Niger is an international river by 

 treaty the arbitrator decided that the British 

 Government should pay 6,500 to the French 

 Government. 



German Possessions. Togoland, lying be- 

 tween the English Gold Coast colony and Da- 

 homey on the Slave Coast, has an area of about 

 33,000 square miles and a population of 2,500,000. 

 There were 135 Europeans in 1900. The military 

 force consists of 7 Germans and 150 natives. 

 Besides the missionary schools there is a Govern- 

 ment school, with 50 pupils. The natives cultivate 

 corn, yams, tapioca, ginger, and bananas, and 

 obtain coconuts, palm-kernels, palm-oil, gum, 

 rubber, and dyewoods from the forests. Coffee 

 has been planted, and there are large plantations 

 of coconut palms. The budget for 1903 amount t 

 to 1,650,000 marks, of which 1.015,000 marks are 

 contributed by the Imperial Government. The im- 

 ports in 1900 amounted to 3.516.800 marks, and 

 exports to 3,058.900 marks, including palm-ker- 

 nels of the value of 1,422,800 marks, palm-oil 

 of the value of 1.015,000 marks, and rubber of 

 the value of 521,400 marks. The ports were vi-- 

 ited by 95 vessels, of 110.241 tons. 



The CaiiH'rinnix protectorate has an area of 

 191.130 square miles and a population estimated 

 at 3,500.000. There wen- .VJS Kuro|n>;ms in 1900. 

 The military force consists of 95 Germans and 

 900 natives. The missionary schools have 5.000 

 pupils. Cacao, coffee, and tobacco have been 

 planted, and cloves, rubber-trees, ginger, vanilla, 

 and pepper are being tried in the Government 



