64 The Science of Life. 



Mann, &c.) is surely a beginning of knowledge which 

 promises much. 



It must be confessed, however, that the physiological 

 part of the cell-theory has not as yet justified itself to 

 The Proto- t ^ ie exten ^ that its founders evidently ex- 

 piasmic pected. In any case, the ultimate problem 

 ' nt ' of physiology is within the cell, in the me- 

 tabolism of the complex substances which compose it. 

 Thus we reach what Prof. Foster has called "the pro- 

 toplasmic movement", the concentration of research on 

 the chemical changes of the complex substances which 

 appear to form the physical basis of life. We shall 

 return to this in the chapter on "Cell and Protoplasm". 



Since pathology, or the science of deranged function, 

 Patholo ls s ^ ric ^y a department of physiology (which 

 has to do with all vital functions), its history 

 is naturally somewhat similar. 



(1) In ancient days, diseases found theological or 

 metaphysical interpretation, in terms of evil spirits, 

 morbid entities, conflicting temperaments, and the like. 

 There was, in other words, an attempt at a pathology 

 of the entire organism, which must come last, not first. 



(2) Some early workers, such as Aretaeus of Cappa- 

 docia, in the time of Vespasian, or Galen in the second 

 century, got their feet firmly planted on the solid ground 

 of anatomy, and made great strides on the scientific 

 path. But the overthrow of the Roman Empire and 

 other great changes arrested progress in this, as in 

 other departments of biological research, for about 

 fifteen centuries. 



In the scientific renascence pathology shared. Dis- 

 eases were traced to various regions of the body, 

 e.g. head, chest, and abdomen. Morgagni (1682-1771) 

 at Padua began the precise localizing of disease in 

 organs. John Hunter founded what was practically 

 the first pathological museum; and Andral (1797-1876) 

 raised morbid anatomy to the level of an "interpreting 

 science ". 



(3) So far, pathology had been based for the most 

 part on the naked-eye morbid anatomy of organs, but 

 the progress of anatomy and physiology soon made a 



