1!) 



themselves, and however extensively practiced among men. are. 

 after all, not those which chiefly characterize civilized nation-. 

 and <>n which the progress of such nations in wealth and power 

 chiefly depends. The arts of civilization are those which w<- 

 have called distinctively scientific arts arts involving tin 

 application of scientific principles the substitution of nature'- 

 forces for human strength of the exact working of mechanism 

 for human skill arts, therefore, in which scientific knowledge 

 is of the first importance in which brain-force has more to do 

 than muscle arts, in short, that verify the apothegm, 

 " Knowledge is power." 



Of these, one portion consists of the older arts revolutionized 

 />// science so revolutionized, indeed, as to be virtually new. 

 Navigation, with its compass, chronometer and steam ; hus- 

 bandry, with its chemical analysis, its mechanical harvest- 

 ers, and other like appliances ; textile manufactures, with 

 their jennies and mules, their power looms, and water-wheels, 

 and steam engines ; bleaching and dyeing, and the working of 

 ores and metals, with the aid of chemistry ; in fine, the great 

 body of the older arts, under the transforming power of the 

 modern sciences, bear but little resemblance to what they were 

 in the early stages of their growth. Even when the old pro- 

 cess has been essentially retained, the scale of operation is 

 such as to render the art substantially new, as an element of 

 industrial success The processes of the old steel-workers of 

 Damascus, though turning out blades of rarest temper, were 

 inde, doubtless as compared with those of Sheffield slow, as 

 compared with Bessemer's. From the ancient distaff, it is a 

 loii'.r stride of progress to the mills of Manchester ; and equally 

 long, from the horse or the ox to the steam engine, from the 

 cart to the rail-car, from the coasting galley to the ocean 

 steamer. 



