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The steps of transition from the ancient arts to the modern, 

 are the steps, essentially, of man's progress in science and 

 civilization. The genesis of civilization is, indeed, the genesis 

 both of the sciences and of the modern arts. There has been 

 for each a natural process of development and growth. Science 

 has sprung, primarily, from man's innate activity of thought 

 his desire to know ; the arts, from the physical circum- 

 stances in which he is placed his desire to improve his con- 

 dition ; and civilization, in its physical element, apart from 

 the moral, is the child of the two. Their mutual relations to 

 each other are best seen perhaps in the circumstances of their 

 origin and growth. The arts, as I have said, are the offspring 

 of human wants artificial wants, not less than natural. 

 Many of them, indeed, had had no existence, but for the wants 

 which civilization creates ; and conversely, civilization itself had 

 made but slow advances without these arts. Were there no 

 wants, indeed, there were, obviously, no need of arts or indus- 

 try. Were man in the ideal perfect state, so apt to be con- 

 ceived by the over-tasked laborer that of the oyster nothing 

 to do no wants not directly supplied by nature or, taking in 

 the moral element, that of Adam in the Garden his need of 

 applied science were, indeed, small. But Adam's posterity 

 exists, as we only too well know, under the inexorable law of 

 toil. With the heritage of toil, however, G-od gave man, also, 

 dominion over nature, and commanded him, not only to 

 replenish the earth, but to subdue it. Subdue it and bravely 

 has he striven at the task ; and the history of his successes, 

 of the reduction, step by step, of the forces and the resources 

 of nature to human control, has been the history, substantially, 

 both of the sciences and the industrial arts. First, the mas- 

 tery of the hand, then of animals, then of wind and water, and 

 lastly, of steam and the subtler forces of electricity and mag- 



