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the construction of the machinery, and all the means and ap- 

 pliances of manufacture, must be controlled by educated skill, 

 especially in all those leading establishments, where the more 

 difficult and complicated processes of industry so naturally 

 center. 



Both the extent and present stage of progress, then, of our 

 arts and manufactures, require for their further improvement, 

 not only the highest personal talent and energy, but the utmost 

 resources of applied science. Qualifications that once would 

 answer for the head of a great manufacturing establishment, 

 will not do now. The present generation is obliged to know a 

 great deal more than the preceding. The brain-power that is 

 to manage our arts and manufactures, our agriculture and 

 commerce, in their broader and more difficult future develop- 

 ment, must be trained for the task ; and the more the brain- 

 power preponderates over mere muscle, the more elevated will 

 become both arts and artizans, and the more marked the influ- 

 ence of science and scientific education on the progress of the 

 nation in wealth, intelligence and power. Indeed, if I am not 

 mistaken, the true solution of the vexed question of labor, 

 and of the elevation of the industrial classes, is to be found, 

 in part, at least, rather in an increase of the productive capa- 

 city of the industrial arts through the applications of science, 

 than in any arbitrary eight hour law, or other legislation against 

 the laws of nature. The more man can substitute head work 

 for hand work, and compel nature's forces to perform his tasks, 

 the more he will shorten his necessary hours of labor, and add 

 to his leisure for recreation and self-improvement. 



But I must hasten to a close. The future of this country, in 

 respect to material prosperity, is obviously to depend largely on 

 the efficiency of the industrial arts, and that efficiency, on the 

 progress of the sciences, and the extent of their diffusion among 



