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handicraft arts, which are easily originated, and belong to the 

 rudest stages of society, requiring few tools or implements, and 

 no machinery, Such are the simpler forms of agriculture, the 

 arts of making rude tools and utensils, of hraiding mats and 

 twisting cords, of constructing huts, cooking food, and the like. 

 These arts are the first offspring of necessity the result of 

 man's earliest efforts to subsist requiring little thought, less 

 knowledge, and no science. The second class includes the 

 higher and more complex arts peculiar to civilized society. 

 These are many of them the growth of centuries, involving not 

 only the results of long and varied experience, but profound 

 knowledge, also, of the facts and principles of science. Many 

 of them have been called into existence by the newly 

 developed wants of advancing civilization, and their existence 

 has been rendered possible, not unfrequently, only by new dis- 

 coveries in science, or by the development of new sciences. 

 They may be called, therefore, distinctively, scientific arts. 

 Such are the modern arts of navigation, constructive mechan- 

 ism, telegraphy, photography, electro-metallurgy, steam 

 engineering, and countless others, to each of which many 

 sciences and many other arts have made their contributions, 

 as links to a chain, any one of which being wanting, the art 

 could not exist, or exist only in a much lower stage of 

 development. 



The former class the empirical arts are, in their ruder 

 forms, not only little indebted to the sciences, but most of 

 them, in their origin, older than the sciences ; in accordance 

 with that general law of progress the crude before the fin- 

 ished the practical before the speculative the supply of 

 wants before the gratification of tastes the fruits of poverty 

 before the results of ease and affluence. There was land meas- 

 uring before geometry, bread making before chemistry, machines 



