FARM M. \CI1I.\KRY 87 



both for and against the use of machine power. So far as routine 

 work is concerned, I venture to say that the evil is not inherent 

 in, nor peculiar to, the use of machine power. 



The primary purpose and usual effect of the use of any ma- 

 chine is the production of utilities at a less expenditure of time, 

 energy, and money. 1 But this is only another way of saying that, 

 when aided by machine power, a given expenditure of time, 

 energy, and money will produce a greater quantity of utilities. 

 Utilities are the means of satisfying wants ; and the satisfaction 

 of wants is essential to life and happiness. The use of machinery, 

 by supplying wants, does, therefore, one of two things : either it 

 enables a larger number of persons to get a living, or it enables 

 a given number "to get a better living." 2 Anyone will, I think, 

 admit that the utilities supplied by machine power have not all 

 been consumed in better livings. A very great part of this addi- 

 tional means of satisfying wants has been devoted to the main- 

 tenance of a more numerous population. That this is true must 

 be self-evident when we consider how greatly the supply of utili- 

 ties has been increased by the use of machinery, 8 and how utterly 

 impossible it would be for the labor force now in existence, un- 

 aided by machinery, to provide even the ordinary necessaries of 

 life as we now count necessaries. 4 



lightening the tasks of those who labor with their hands, 

 and by increasing the quantity of the necessaries of life which 

 a -iven amount of labor can procure, machinery' has not only 

 favored a higher standard of living, but has increased the ch 



l outils ne sont que dcs machines simples ct Ics machines ne sont que 

 des outiles compliqucs que nous ajoutons a nos bras pour en augmcntcr 1 

 sance; et Ics uns et les autres ne sont, a beaucoup d'egards, que den moycns 

 d'obtenir le concours des agens nature : vidcmment de donner 



moins dc travail pour obtenir la mme quantitc d'utilitc. ou. cc qui i 

 au mi- me, d'obtenir plus d'utilite pour la mme quantitc dc travail hum. MM 



d'economie politiquc," p. 8$ 

 wcrs, Labor Making Machinery, p. 



page 45- 



lei Acrmstc hat in unserer Arbeitstheilung doch mehr xu gcnieMen 

 alswenn cr im ungcsclli^cn /.ustand lebte : die bei uns am iibcl^ t .siml. 



Kianklirhc ohne Vermogen, Familtenvater mil . unl 



im t'rwalHr rim mdlagen der Nationaloko- 



nomic " (edition of njoo), p. 106 



