2 SEWER DESIGN 



and in England and in the older cities of this country, where 

 examples of the process are yet to be seen, accumulations of 

 filth and deposits of rubbish are the evidences of rough interiors, 

 flat gradients, and shallow depths. 



Small sewers for house-sewage were used in the United 

 States before 1880, and sanitary engineers now prominent in 

 this country prepared plans for sewerage systems, using small 

 pipes and keeping out practically all the storm-water. But it 

 is due to Col. Geo. E. Waring that the old prejudices have 

 been so entirely removed and the manifest advantages of small 

 pipe-sewers so strongly emphasized. It was in 1880, in a public 

 address, that he said that the conditions of drainage had been 

 changed, and that engineers must recognize that the number 

 of water-closets now used made the construction of sewers 

 for their exclusive care a necessity. 



This use of small pipe-sewers with its accompanying details 

 of construction was patented under the name " Waring 's 

 Separate System," and under "this patent Col. Waring was 

 paid large royalties by some of the cities for which he acted as 

 consulting engineer.* The principal features of the " Waring 

 System " as described under U. S. patents 236,740 and 278,339 

 are: first, absolute exclusion of the rain-water; second, ventila- 

 tion of street-sewers through house-pipes not trapped against 

 the sewer; third, automatic flush- tanks at the head of every 

 lateral; and fourth, soil-drainage by pipes laid in the sewer.- 

 trenches. 



Waring 's prejudice against combined sewers was very strong, 

 as indicated by the following quotation from a public address 

 delivered in 1880: " In closing permit me to formulate my 



* In a letter to the author dated January 30, 1899, the executor of Col. Waring 

 wrote as follows in reference to these patents: 



"The patents to which you refer (which are the property of the Drainage 

 Construction Company of Boston) are still in force. The patents have been 

 disputed, and suits are now in progress, with a view to establishing their validity. 

 Pending decision, the owners are granting licenses upon a cash payment of half 

 royalties five cents per lineal foot of sewer or an agreement to pay full royalties 

 if the patents are sustained by the courts." 



Both patents have now (1912) expired. 



