144 SEWER DESIGN 



found to leak at the rate of 2500 to 5000 gallons per day, a 

 rate of about 17,000 gallons per mile per day. 



At Rogers Park, 111., Mr. Broughton, engineer for The 

 Shone Co., by means of special precautions (deep sockets and 

 careful ramming) reduced the leakage in 9200 feet of 6-inch 

 pipe under a head of from i foot 6 inches to 9 feet 6 inches 

 of water, to 15 gallons per minute, or 1240 gallons per mile 

 per day. 



In Winona the same engineer made all sewers, which lay in 

 water with a head of more than 5 feet, of cast iron. 



At Brockton, Mass., the ground-water flow was said to be 

 400,000 gallons from 16 miles of sewers, or 25,000 gallons per 

 mile per day. 



At Altoona, Pa., the flow from 6100 feet of 27-inch pipe 

 was 47,181 gallons, or at the rate of 40,814 gallons per mile 

 per day. 



From 3190 feet of 3o-inch pipe the flow was 52,352 gallons, 

 or at the rate of 86,592 gallons per mile per day. 



From 5030 feet of 33^X 44-inch brick and concrete sewer 

 the ground-water flow was 252,342 gallons, or at a rate of 

 264,000 gallons per mile per day. It should be noted, however, 

 that this last flow has since been largely reduced by the con- 

 tractor working under the direction of the engineer. 



In the East Orange sewerage works,* where the conditions 

 for producing a water-tight sewer were unusually severe, a 

 large part of the line being 10 feet or more under water and 

 laid in quicksand, but where at the same time unusual pre- 

 cautions were taken to prevent leakage, the amount of ground- 

 water entering the sewer from 29 miles was found to be 650,000 

 gallons. The house-sewage flow after three years' use was 

 620,000 gallons, and the flush-tank flow 30,000 gallons. 



Rafter and Baker, after noting that at East Orange some 

 of the sewers were laid under 20 feet of ground-water, and that 

 a brick sewer with its many joints and porous material was 



* Trans. Am. Soc. C. E., Vol. XXV, p. 125. 



