Bad Times and Recovery 89 



Herefords and Aberdeen-Angus, profitable only for their beef. 

 English farmers, however, continued on the old lines, or even 

 worked in the opposite direction. They aimed at getting an 

 animal which would serve the two purposes of yielding a large 

 amount of milk, and also when fattened a large amount of beef. 

 The two kinds are sufficiently distinct. The first is called the 

 4 Beef ', ' Scotch ', or * Cruickshank ' type, and the second the 

 1 Dual-purpose ' or ' Dairy ' type. High prices are paid for 

 both by home and foreign buyers. Similar progress has been made 

 in improving other breeds less numerous or more local in their 

 distribution. 



Two breeds of horses do most of the agricultural work in 

 Great Britain, the Shire in the midland and southern counties of 

 England, and the Clydesdale in the northern counties and in 

 Scotland. Both breeds have been evolved during the last century 

 and a half. The Shire is heavy and rather slow in action, but is 

 peculiarly suited for working strong soils. The Clydesdale is 

 lighter and more active. On medium and light soils it does more 

 work than the Shire. 



During the same period numerous breeds of sheep have been 

 established. Bakewell's Leicester still holds its ground in the 

 Midlands and especially in the East and North Ridings of York- 

 shire, where it is by far the most common sheep. In the south 

 there are several kinds of Down sheep, most of them taking their 

 origin from a cross between the South Down and an old county 

 or district breed which has died out. These are suited for folding 

 on roots and catch crops like rye, clover, and vetches. The 

 increased cost of labour and the decline in the area of arable land 

 have led farmers to reduce or give up their flocks of these breeds; 

 and to substitute for them grazing breeds. 



Agricultural education in a systematic form began with the 

 establishment of the Agricultural College at Cirencester in 1845. 

 There were chairs of agriculture in the universities of Oxford and 



