CONTENTS 



CHAPTER PAGE 



I. SUBSTANCES AND PROPERTIES 1 



II. CHEMICAL CHANGE AND THE METHODS OP STUDYING IT ... 12 



III. AIR AND OXYGEN 26 



IV. THE MEASUREMENT OF GASES. THE MOLECULAR HY- 



POTHESIS 44 



V. HYDROGEN 50 



VI. WATER 58 



VII. CHEMICAL UNITS OF WEIGHT. FORMULAE ^ . . . . 72 



VIII. APPLICATION OF THE MOLECULAR HYPOTHESIS IN CHEM- 

 ISTRY 82 



IX. MAKING OF FORMULAE AND EQUATIONS 98 



X. SOLUTION 108 



XL HYDROCHLORIC ACID. CALCULATIONS 125 



XII. CHLORINE. CALCULATIONS 139 



XIII. ENERGY AND CHEMICAL CHANGE 153 



XIV. SODIUM AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE 164 



XV. ACIDS, BASES, AND SALTS 170 



XVL IONIZATION 181 



XVII. THJL^-HAiOGBJf-FAMILY 199 



XVIII. VALENCE 211 



XIX. OXIDIZING SUBSTANCES 219 



XX. CHEMICAL EQJJILIBRIUM 230 



XXI. SULPHUR AND HYDROGEN SULPHIDE 248 



XXII. OXIDES AND OXYGEN ACIDS OF SULPHUR 257 



XXIII. THE PERIODIC SYSTEM 273 



XXIV. NITROGEN. THE ATMOSPHERE 286 



XXV. 'AMMONIA 299 



XXVI. NITRIC ACID 308 



XXVII. PHOSPHORUS, ARSENIC, ANTIMONY, BISMUTH 319 



XXVIII. CARBON AND THE OXIDES OF CARBON 328 



XXIX. THE HYDROCARBONS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES. FLAME. . 343 



ix 



