198 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 



from no other source. (3) Only when both these conditions are 

 fulfilled, when old social matter is particularized by an individ- 

 ual and then again generalized by society, can new accretions 

 be normally made to the social content and progress be secured 

 to the organization as a whole." l 



Professor Baldwin has contributed further to social philosophy 

 by his analysis of " sanctions " meaning by this term " all the 

 reasons which are really operative on the individual, in keeping 

 him at work and at play in the varied drama of life." Of these 

 there are two general classes, the personal and the social. The 

 personal sanctions are classified as impulse, lower hedonic, desire, 

 higher hedonic and right. The social sanctions are classified as 

 natural, pedagogical and conventional, civil, and ethical and religious. 

 Our author differs from many in holding that there is no real 

 antagonism between the individual and the social sanctions, 

 except in the case of the " exceptional man or the exceptional 

 judgments of the average man." 2 " The actual oppositions 

 which do arise in his life," says Baldwin, "are rather a propos of 

 questions regarding which he finds room for discussion, and for the 

 more thoroughgoing application of the intellectual sanction." 3 



Among the most important of these sanctions, according to our 

 author, are the ethical and the religious, and in the discussion of 

 these, use is made of the "dialectic of growth " and of the doctrine 

 of adaptation. 



" There can be no real opposition," says Baldwin, " between 

 society and the individual in the matter of the essential demands 

 of the moral and religious consciousness. The fact of c publi- 

 city ' in all religious and ethical thought makes it necessary that 

 the same ideal should be erected in the individual and in the com- 

 munity in which the individual is reared, since the growth of the 

 ideal self-thought in the individual depends constantly upon the 

 absorption of moral and religious suggestions from the social 

 environment." 4 The same is true, he holds, concerning the 

 religious life, though he admits that historically there have been 

 acute conflicts in the religious sphere. 



1 Social and Ethical Interpretations, p. 511. 3 Ibid., p. 429. 



2 Ibid., p. 424. * Ibid., p. 434. 



