FORMULAE OF SOCIAL PROGRESS 199 



Professor Baldwin is open to criticism especially at two points: 

 first, in the loose way in which he uses the term imitation and 

 second for his failure to give definite content to those various 

 unities that make up quasi-personalities. We have in fact 

 different " societies " with different ideals, and as one person 

 is brought under the influence of varying and often conflicting 

 ideals, the result is a greater diversity and confusion in the inner 

 life of the individual than provided for in Baldwin's theory; 

 yet on the whole perhaps no author has contributed more to the 

 development of the concept of adaptation as a social theory, 

 especially as pertaining to morals and religion. To his ascending 

 series of " struggles," between individuals in the lower species 

 of animals, between groups in the higher, and in human society, 

 struggle for a living, for place, and excellence, 1 we would add a 

 final form, struggle for social achievement. 2 



HENRY DRUMMOND (1851-1897) 

 Struggle for the Life of Others 



Drummond's great contribution to social philosophy is in 

 supplementing the law of struggle for existence with that of 

 " struggle for the life of others " having its mainspring in that 

 disposition or sentiment termed love. " Experience," he says, 

 " tells us that man's true life is neither lived in the material 

 tracts of the body, nor in the higher altitudes of the intellect, but 

 in the warm world of the affections." 3 This fact which Comte 

 emphasized in his Polity, Drummond endeavored to explain 

 through biology. He shows that love is not a resultant of strug- 

 gle for existence but is rooted in the primal activity of reproduc- 

 tion by cell division. 4 " Even at its dawn life is receiver and 

 giver; even in protoplasm is selfism and otherism." 



" The two main activities of all living things," he holds, " are 

 nutrition and reproduction. . . . The object of nutrition is to 

 secure the life of the individual; the object of reproduction is to 

 secure the life of the species. . . . The"first has a purely personal 



1 The Individual and Society, ch. III. Cf. infra, ch. XIV. 



1 For further criticism, see infra, p. 308 f. 



3 The Ascent of Man, p. 215. * Ibid., pp. 225 f. 



