FORMULAE OF SOCIAL PROGRESS 203 



Association is based on certain similarities, first, on those de- 

 rived from kinship, and second, on those mental and moral 

 due to similar brain organization. 1 As a result of this we have 

 " a similar responsiveness of two or more individuals to the same 

 stimulus or stimuli," which may be analyzed into three stages of 

 development: (i) initial responsiveness, a mere first interest 

 in any object as in a momentary panic; (2) persistent responsive- 

 ness which becomes a habit or fixed manner as in forms of speech 

 and courtesy, and (3) rational responsiveness " which invokes 

 the complex activity of all the powers of mind and will, and the 

 varied adaptation of means to end." z 



We have not only these resemblances between individuals but a 

 more or less articulate consciousness of them and also of dif- 

 ferences. This consciousness, in its lowest form, is called organic 

 sympathy and its contrary, organic antipathy. 3 These may be 

 studied in animal reactions and also in the developing mind and 

 activities of the child. There are three factors in organic sym- 

 pathy, according to Giddings: " (i) like responsiveness of like 

 individuals to the same stimulus; (2) like sensations received by 

 like individuals from self and others ; (3) the readier imitation of 

 one another by like individuals than by those who greatly differ." 4 

 The second factor is illustrated as follows: " The sound made by 

 the mother's voice has been like that made by the child's own 

 voice; while the sounds made by the dog and bird have been 

 unlike those made by the child's own voice. When the infant 

 puts his hands together or passes them over his face, he receives 

 in his brain certain sensations of pressure. When he passes his 

 hands over his mother's face and over her hands, he again re- 

 ceives sensations of pressure; and they are very like the sensations 

 that he has received from his own body." 5 The third factor finds 

 illustration in the facility with which imitation operates among 

 the like-minded and the difficulty with which it operates between 

 antagonistic individuals or groups. 



1 Elements, p. 55. 



8 Ibid., p. 56; cf. Inductive Sociology, pt. 2, ch. I. 



3 Elements, pp. 59 f. 



4 Ibid., p. 62. 6 Ibid., p. 60. 



