244 ADAPTATION AND PROGRESS 



struggle for supremacy is now changed from a race and class 

 struggle to an internal struggle for self-control. Primitive feelings 

 and instincts are repressed, sex and appetite are curbed, and cul- 

 tural motives replace the older sentiments due to race and class 

 antagonisms. . . . The new and the old types of culture, motive 

 and character are bound to come into sharper conflict as the 

 century advances. The older tendencies are coercive and will 

 strive to impress themselves as state socialism. The newer forces 

 will express themselves in voluntary association. It will be a 

 struggle of tradition, race and class with the blending influences 

 that make for unity and character." * 



Professor Patten is his own best critic of many of his early 

 theories. If time and intellectual vigor permit he may round out 

 a consistent social philosophy. His greatest advance has come 

 from his transition from an almost exclusively deductive method 

 to emphasis on, though not successful use of, the inductive 

 method, and from stress on pleasure-pain motives and tests, to 

 objective tests measured in terms of health, wealth and culture. 2 



His theory that progress is due to surplus energy and that 

 historically social progress has passed from a pain to a pleasure 

 economy and is now entering a creative economy, is so sug- 

 gestive that it is most unfortunate that he has developed the 

 theory in such a way as to meet disapproval from the specialists 

 in every field he has touched. 



1 " Reconstruction of Economic Theory," pp. 94, 95. 

 1 Ibid., p. 91: cf. pp. 61, 86, 87. 



