INVENTION AND PRODUCTION 261 



serviceable to the group. 1 " Hearty " co-operation between an 

 employer and his employees has proven to result in increased 

 production. An employer who is interested merely in output may 

 introduce a system of profit-sharing or welfare work with the sole 

 purpose of securing increased dividends, another employer may be 

 interested in his men as fellow human beings and co-workers in 

 increasing the well-being of the community and sovereign group, 

 and work directly to foster this spirit of co-operation. Surely this 

 latter attitude on the part of an employer is a desirable quality to 

 emphasize and the one having such an attitude is on the whole 

 more apt to secure the co-operation of his employees than the one 

 who does not have it. To be sure the important thing is the 

 result, but to emphasize the worth of the attitude or motive and 

 the duty of having such an attitude would seem to be of some 

 intrinsic value. 



(5) His psychological analyses are not satisfactory. The 

 individual is always set over against other individuals or groups 

 with emphasis on conscious conflict of interests and a solution of 

 the conflict is sought on the basis of rational self-interest. 2 

 Modern social psychologists, as Baldwin, McDougall, Dewey, 

 Ellwood et al., have shown how the self -regarding sentiment 

 expands to include other individuals in such a way as to prevent 

 the consciousness of conflict, or to reduce it to a minimum through 

 co-operation for the attainment of a common purpose. There is 

 not ordinarily such a cold calculation of interests as assumed. 

 Most responses of the ego are to interests which are either in- 

 stinctive or developed by social experience and education. These 

 responses are for the most part automatic rather than reflective 

 and controlled by social impulses, by a sense of duty, by regard 

 for public opinion and other motives working to a very large 

 extent below the threshold of consciousness. 



(6) The theory in question does not make sufficient place for 

 rational imitation, individual and social, as a method of social 

 advance, nor for the possibility of race-stock improvement by 

 this method linked with social control. 3 If our interest is in 



1 Essays in Social Justice, p. 4. 3 Mentioned, however, Essays, ch. V. 



2 Ibid., ch. III. 



