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' functional foremen,' each of whom is an expert in a particular branch 

 of the work, or a particular phase of time or motion-study. For such 

 foremen it recommends elaborate special methods of training. In 

 place of promotion from the ranks of the workers it would find its 

 foremen by special selection, and train them largely away from the 

 workshop. In this way the foremen would come to have less of the 

 Labour and more of the employer's point of view, and would become, 

 far more than now. a new class of dependents on Capitalism. For one 

 who believes, like myself, that one of the next steps for Trade Unionism, 

 in its gradual assumption of control over industry, will be to take 

 altogether out of the employers' hands and vest in the Trade Union 

 the appointment of foremen and the organisation of the workshop, 

 this appears as a counter-move on the part of Capitalism to remove 

 the foremen from the possibility of control by Labour. The way for 

 Labour, to my thinking, is the gradual conquest of management. 

 For this, Labour must equip itself with scientific and industrial know- 

 ledge ; and, while it is doing so, it must resist any move by the employing 

 class which will make more difficult the conquest of industrial control. 



This is one of the reasons why there can be no alternative to the 

 actual and literal restoration of Trade Union rules. These rules are the 

 beginnings of democratic industrial legislation. They are resented 

 by the employers as invasions of capitalist autocracy, and as outrages 

 upon capitalistic ' competence.' The employer, on his own showing, 

 knows how to run industry : the workman does not. If that is so, 

 I reply that the workman must learn, and that the best way for him 

 to do so is for him to increase his control. Let Trade Union rules 

 be improved, by all means ; but they must be improved by the Trade 

 Unions. They must be restored because they point the way to industrial 

 self-government. 



My fifth point follows logically. The employer, I have said, on his 

 own showing, knows how to run industry. Does he ? It would seem 

 that during the war he has been discovering very rapidly that he does 

 not, if we can judge from the cry for reorganisation which has arisen 

 in the employers' own ranks. There is a very wide scope indeed for 

 scientific reorganisation of industrial methods ; and if the employers 

 would devote to these half the attention which they devote to trying 

 to bully, badger, bribe, or cajole labour into the acceptance of unscientific 

 systems of payment by results, it would be better for all concerned. 

 The biggest and most natural field for science in industry is in the 

 management of inanimate objects ; and there let it be applied to the 

 full. Where it affects men, and is applied to men, its effects are far 

 more problematical. 



Sixthly, we have seen that the workers are very largely justified 

 in their belief that, in many cases, scientific systems may create 

 unemployment by creating conditions under which temporary unem- 

 ployment is profitable to the employer. If this is to be counteracted, 

 it should surely be done by placing the burden of unemployment, not 

 upon the State, but upon the industry concerned. Let the employers 



