long before the ideas behind Scientific Management were formulated 

 into a system. They are not problems created by the introduction of 

 Scientific Management, and it is hardly fair to criticise the system 

 because it does not solve them. Scientific Management, not being 

 primarily concerned with them, leaves them, in essence, where it finds 

 them. I hope to show, however, that, due to the greater clearness 

 and precision of organisation bound to obtain under Scientific Manage- 

 ment, some of these problems are easier to approach than heretofore. 



The ideas behind the various systems known as Scientific Management 

 are concerned primarily with the technique of management and not 

 with the fundamental reconstruction of the industrial system. Manage- 

 ment in industry is concerned with the choosing, bringing together, 

 proportioning and arranging of the various factors of production, with 

 a view to their maximum productivity in the long run. These factors 

 in production are of two distinct kinds human and inanimate ; in 

 other words, the workman on the one hand, and the raw material, tools, 

 plant, etc., on the other ; and the two kinds of factors must be dealt 

 with in quite different ways and largely from different points of view. 

 Thus, the object of the manager should perhaps rather be described 

 as the arranging, controlling, and proportioning of the material factors 

 so that the efforts of the human factor may be as productive as possible. 

 Considered in this way, management is a permanent element in any 

 corporate action, and would be just as necessary to industry under a 

 system of control by the workers as it is now under the capitalist system. 

 This being so, the technique of management is well worth studying 

 for its own sake, quite apart from its influence on problems outside 

 its proper scope, such as the general structure or conditions of industry. 

 It is of course obvious that Labour is vitally concerned in any modifi- 

 cation of conditions which a new system of management may effect ; 

 but criticism of the two aspects viz., technique and subsidiary effects 

 should be kept quite distinct. The first question is, how far does 

 Scientific Management succeed in furthering the objects of management? 

 and secondly, are the conditions of industry which would exist under 

 Scientific Management more favourable or less favourable to the 

 development of the legitimate interests of Labour ? 



The means by which Scientific Management attacks its problem of 

 the correlation of the factors of production are as follows : 



1. Study of the work to be done, material, tools, methods, etc. 



2. The selection of the individual men most suited for particular 

 kinds of work and the training of them for that work. 



3. Establishing standards of work and corresponding payment ; 

 fixing times for doing jobs and offering payment for their suc- 

 cessful accomplishment. 



4. The functionalising of control the specialising on the part of 

 the various officers of the management on such functions as 

 control of flow of work, inspection, store keeping, cost collecting, 

 etc. 



