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2nd There are, however, many jobs to which this does not apply, 

 and the work, after study, can be carried out by less skilled men. 

 In this case some of the skilled men will generally be needed for super- 

 vision of a group of machines manned by the new grade of labour. 

 Admittedly this does not account for all of the displaced men, but the 

 discrepancy is less great than would appear since the system requires 

 not only more skilled supervision at the machines themselves, but more 

 skilled men generally in the way of tool-makers, time-study men, 

 experimenters, etc., the proportion of skilled management staff* to 

 workmen being two or three times as great under Scientific Management 

 as under less detailed systems. 



3rd For the absorption of the remainder of the skilled men we shall 

 have to look to the expansion of the industry due to the increased 

 efficiency and consequent lowering of price. Our own experience 

 does, in fact, bear this out. This process has been in operation at our 

 works for five or six years, and not only has no skilled man been dis- 

 charged in consequence, but there has been an almost continual demand 

 for more skilled men than were available. It would be quite reasonable 

 for Labour to demand some guarantee in this respect. The same 

 consideration applies to unemployment generally. Periodic unemploy- 

 ment, and more particularly " standing- off," is due to faulty organisa- 

 tion of industry and the employers, as being chiefly responsible for 

 the organisation, should obviously bear the cost. 



In considering the question of the degrading of skilled men another 

 aspect of the matter must not be lost sight of, namely, that the change, 

 as regards the unskilled or semi-skilled man who is introduced, is a 

 distinct advance in status. He is raised often from the level of a casual 

 labourer to that of a man with a definite trade. This is probably more 

 marked under Scientific Management because of the training which it 

 is part of the system to provide for all workers. 



It may still be objected that even though the skilled men of the 

 present generation may not suffer, due to their absorption either on 

 studied jobs which remain skilled work, or by being required for super- 

 vision, or due to expansion of industry, the proportion of skilled men 

 to unskilled in the trade will gradually decrease. This is probably 

 true, but I see no grounds for believing that the disturbance of the 

 proportion will be any greater under Scientific Management than would 

 otherwise be the case. We have even a striking instance in our own 

 works, where the proportion of skilled men has actually been increased 

 as the result of study ; the automatic machine department previously 

 manned by 80 semi-skilled men and four skilled foremen is now 

 run by five skilled foremen, approximately 30 skilled setters, and 

 120 unskilled women. The proportion previously was 4-80, but is 

 now 35-120. 



It has already been pointed out that transferences of men from one 

 job to another are easier under Scientific Management since the require- 

 ments of each job are more accurately known. The same consideration 

 applies to promotion, and on this question our experience is directly 



