CONTENTS XV 



proclamation forbidding foreigners from fishing without license 

 in British seas Northumberland goes in quest of Dutch herring- 

 busses Licenses forced upon them English men-of-war left to 

 " guard 1 ' them Anxiety in the United Provinces Mission of van 

 Beveren States of Holland resolve to equip a fleet to protect 

 their fishermen from molestation Mission of Joachimi Inter- 

 vention of Queen of Bohemia Northumberland's fleet goes to the 

 Yarmouth fishing Licenses again forced on the Dutch fishermen 

 The amount of the "acknowledgment money" received Mis- 

 representations on the subject Renewed excitement in Holland 

 Proceedings of Admiral Van Dorp Another change in the king's 

 policy Arundel's mission to Vienna Negotiations with the Prince 

 of Orange Terms of a proposed treaty Charles tries to get his 

 licenses secretly accepted in Holland Third ship-money fleet 

 Tortuous action of Charles Captain Fielding sent in a merchant 

 vessel to offer licenses to Dutch fishermen Dutch men-of-war 

 interfere and prevent licenses being taken The story leaks out, 

 and is to be " cried down " and another story told National dis- 

 content and domestic troubles The " Sovereign of the Seas " 

 The question of the salute Increasing strength and boldness of 

 Dutch fleet Arrest and search of English ships Tromp and Pen- 

 nington The battle in the Downs Action of English fleet 

 Humiliation of Charles The Dutch the real masters of the seas . 286 



CHAPTER IX. 

 CHARLES i. continued. THE JURIDICAL CONTROVERSIES. 



Mare Liberum and Mare Clausum Dawn of international law 

 Claims to maritime dominion conflict with commercial expansion 

 of period Opinions of publicists previous to Grotius De Castro 

 Vasquius The Mare Liberum of Grotius Its origin and object 

 Arguments of Grotius against appropriation of seas His later 

 work and opinions Opponents of Mare Liberum De Freiras 

 Pacius Wei wood His Abridgment of All Sea Laives and De 

 Dominio Maris Arguments for appropriation of sea fisheries 

 Grotius' Defensio in reply to Welwood Other authorities Thomas 

 Craig Gerard Malynes Alberico Gentilis The 100-mile limit 

 The rights of the Crown in the foreshores and bed of the sea 

 Thomas Digges Sergeant Callis Chief Justice Coke Charles 

 desires to establish his rights to the dominion of the seas by " some 

 ' public writing" Records searched Sir John Boroughs' Sover- 

 aignty of the British Seas Its contents and reasoning Selden's 

 Mare Clausum Begun at desire of King James Published in 

 1635 by the king's commands Its importance immediately recog- 

 nised The king's eulogy The character of Mare Clausum Its 



