HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA 563 



indisputably under the sovereignty of the neighbouring terri- 

 tory, as far as a cannon-ball could reach. 1 On the other 

 hand, Lampredi, Professor of Public Law in the University 

 of Pisa, writing at the same time, while allowing to a state 

 the right of property in the adjacent sea, makes the limit 

 of its dominion depend, not on cannon range, but upon con- 

 siderations of general convenience. 2 Another contemporary 

 Italian, Galiani, who was Sicilian Secretary of Legation at 

 Paris, and was employed by his master, the King of the Two 

 Sicilies, to write a book in defence of his adhesion to the 

 Russian League of Armed Neutrality, expressed somewhat 

 varying opinions as to the limits of the territorial sea. 3 Admit- 

 ting as a received doctrine that the belt of sea washing 

 the coasts of a country belonged to it as a part of its terri- 

 tory, he at first seems to extend it, in accordance with 

 the Italian principles, as far as the authorities can cause 

 their jurisdiction to be enforced. Later, he advances the 

 gunshot limit for certain purposes, as the imposition of tolls 

 and the regulation of navigation ; and finally, with regard 

 to the observance of neutrality he considers the boundary 

 should be two leagues, or twice the distance of cannon range, 

 and he appears to have been the first to fix upon three 

 miles as equivalent to the range of guns. 4 



G. F. von Martens, one of the greatest authorities on inter- 

 national law, writing a little later, more definitely adopted 

 the principle of the range of guns; but he gave the equi- 

 valent distance as "three leagues," and moreover admitted 



1 Versuch dcs Neuesten Europaischen Volkerrechts in Friedens- und Kriegs-zeiten, 

 Bd. v. 486, Frankfort, 1778. "Das an die Kiisten eines Landes stossende Meer 

 stehet nach dem Volkerrecht unter der Oberherrschaft des angriinzenden Landes 

 unstreitig, so weit es mit Canonen von dem festen Land bestrichen werden kan." 



2 Juris Publici Universalis, sive Juris Natural ft Gentium, Theoremata, ii. 7, 65. 

 ' ' Nobis visum est singulas gentes earn partem circa littus suum occupare posse, 

 cujus usus necessarius, quamque tuendis littoribus et territorio necessarium 

 arbitrantur." 



3 De' Doveri de' principi neutrali verso i principi guerreggianti, e di questi verso 

 i neutrali. Naples, 1782. 



4 " Mi parrebbe peraltro ragionevole, che senza attendere a vedere se in atto 

 tenga il Sovrano del territorio construtta taluna torre o batteria, e di qual calibro 

 di cannoni la tenga inontata, si determinasse nssamente, e da per tutto la distanza 

 di tre miglia dalla terra, come quella, che sicuramente e la maggiore ove colla forza 

 della polvere finora conoaciuta si possa spingere una palla, o una bomba," p. 432. 



