SPANISH SEAMEN IN THE NEW WORLD 639 



discouraged he gave them small presents, and in other ways 

 stimulated their enthusiasm. 38 He took all precautions he was 

 able to against sickness and scurvy. Yet when two of his men 

 voluntarily went among the Indians, intending to remain, but 

 were made captives, causing Bodega much trouble in securing 

 their release, the commander had them laid across cannon and 

 each given a hundred lashes, after which he put them in irons. 39 

 It was considered to be, and was made the duty of commanders 

 to punish severely blasphemy, gambling, immorality, and other 

 sins. Before departing on the expeditions, sailors were required 

 to take an oath of loyalty to the commander that they would 

 obey him and not mutiny, and they had to present a certificate 

 that they had confessed and received communion. 40 Of those 

 who were enlisted for the voyages, not only their name, but their 

 father's name and his place of birth were entered on the register, 

 that their nationality might be known. 41 



The explorations were hazardous undertakings. Nearly 

 every expedition suffered losses from attacks by Indians when 

 the crew went ashore for food, wood, and water. The navigation 

 of the small craft required much labor and exertion of the sailors, 

 especially when storms were encountered, which was often. 

 The schooner Sonora in which Bodega conducted his exploration 

 up the coast in 1775 was but 36 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 8 

 feet deep, and carried a crew of a pilot, boatswain, boatswain's 

 mate, ten sailors, a cabin boy, and a servant. 42 Not all the vessels 



38 Maurelle, Journal of voyage in 1775, supra. Translation in Barrington, 

 op. cit., pp. 478, 479. 



39 Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra, Second voyage to the latitude of 

 sixty-one degrees in the frigate Nuestra Senora de los Remedies, alias La Favorita, 

 having a keel of thirty-nine cubits and a breadth of beam of thirteen, with a 

 draught aft of fourteen feet, and a draught forward of thirteen feet. In the year 

 1779. Translation by Herbert I. Priestley, p. 28. (Unpublished manuscript 

 in the possession of Herbert I. Priestley, Berkeley, California.) 



40 Blair and Robertson, II. 61, 62, 91. 



41 Ibid., 11.57. 



42 Bodega y Quadra, First voyage to the latitude 58 degrees, in a schooner 

 having a keel of eighteen cubits and breadth of beam of six, manned by a pilot, 

 a boatswain, a boatswain's mate, ten sailors, a cabin-boy, and a servant. In the 

 year 1775. Translation by Mrs. Gertrude Mason, p. 1. (Unpublished manu- 

 script in the possession of Herbert I. Priestley, Berkeley, California.) 



