638 THE HISPANIC AMERICAN HISTORICAL REVIEW 



by executing the ringleaders. 31 But a short time thereafter a 

 second mutiny broke out. The crew of the San Antonio put 

 their captain, Alvaro, in irons, and after many difficulties returned 

 to Spain. 32 Mutinies broke out in the expeditions on the Pacific 

 sent out by Cortes. One of the ship's companies mutinied against 

 their commander Hurtado de Mendoza, and returned to port. 33 

 Another expedition came to an unfortunate end when Ximines, 

 in 1534, killed his superior, Bercerra, and took command, only 

 to be himself killed soon afterwards by Indians. 34 In 1537 the 

 explorer Grijalva was killed by mutineers. 35 The crew of one 

 of the ships of Loaysa, in the South Pacific, mutinied, throwing 

 the captain and his brother overboard. Like most of the mutin- 

 ous crews, they ran into difficulties. The ship went aground on 

 an island and the crew were overpowered by Indians. Saavedra, 

 crossing the Pacific from New Spain, found them, and brought 

 the mutineers to justice. 36 The Legazpi expedition to the Philip- 

 pines in 1565 also has its record of mutinies. On the first occa- 

 sion Legazpi hanged four leaders, severely reprimanded others, 

 and as for the rest, merely imposed the order that no language 

 but Spanish be spoken. When a second mutiny occurred, two 

 more were hanged. The San Geronimo, sent to aid Legazpi, had 

 similar experiences. The captain and his son were murdered by 

 mutineers; and two of the latter were hanged following a second, 

 and successful counter mutiny. 37 



This frequency of mutiny no doubt reflected somewhat on the 

 severity of discipline aboard ship. The death penalty was 

 inflicted for mutiny and other crimes, and at least threatened for 

 lesser offenses. Bodega seems to have been a commander who 

 treated his men with great consideration. When they became 



81 Maximilianus Transylvanus, De Molvccis Insulis. [Coloniae, 1523] Trans- 

 lation in Blair and Robertson, I. 305-337. See p. 318. 



n lbid. t p. 319. 



83 Miguel Venegas, A natural and civil history of California . . . Trans- 

 lated from the original Spanish . . 2 vols. (Madrid, 1758). 1.133. 



M/bV*., 1. 135. 



56 James Burney, A chronological history of the discoveries in the South Sea. . . 

 4 vols. (London, 1803), I. 181. 



"Ibid., I. 149. 



87 Blair and Robertson, II. 143, 144, 148, 149. 



