64 Book of Engineering 



tain the greater are the difficulties encoun- 

 tered in removing the spoil and bringing 

 along the bricks and cement. In the Arlberg 

 tunnel 900 tons of spoil and 350 tons of 

 masonry had to be moved each day from 

 or to either face. 



The Simplon tunnel was next undertaken ; 

 this was begun in 1898, and completed 

 seven years later. This is rather more than 

 12 miles long, and it was constructed upon 

 an entirely new plan. Two parallel headings 

 were driven through the mountain, and 

 then, at agreed upon points, cross-headings 

 were driven to connect the two tunnels. 

 These served to ventilate the headings, and 

 then one of them was enlarged to allow of 

 the track being laid, but the other was left 

 in its original condition for thirteen years 

 when it was undertaken and completed 

 soon after the Great War. During the 

 cutting of this double tunnel both cold 

 and hot springs were encountered. 



A name which is inseparably connected 

 with the Simplon tunnel is that of Alfred 

 Brandt, who not only provided the improved 



