30 



Till: STANDARD DICTlnNAUY OF PACTS 



others, and as early as the Fifth ' L 1>. he occupied Bologna, Ferrara, aiul Ancona : 

 WB find Bohen - gUSl 3d. he defeated the Austrian general. 

 race. In the latter part of the Ninth Century, \Vurin-er. at Loiialo; August 5th. he defeated 

 opluk. the King of Moravia. Subjugated the same general at ( 'astighone ; September 8th, 

 Bohemia and introduced Christiana la- defeated him again at Bassano; November 

 .. the Dukes of Prague, who.' in KKil. 17th, he won the great battle of Arcola over 

 had the title of king conferred on them l>y the Alvin/i. the AUM rian*general ; January 1 -1. 17!>7. 

 Eni[>eror Henry IV.. ruled the country as a he won the battle of Kivoli over Alvin/i and 

 in the (. npire. until l.'ilMi. when \Vurm-er; January 15th. he won a battle at tlie 

 !:ist of the dynasty \\as a-saiuated. From faubourg of St. George, near Mantua: January 

 Bohemia was ruled by kings of the liith. he won a battle near the palace called The 

 II ou-e of Luxembourg. In the t ...-ri/el Favorite: March Kith, lie defeated the Aus- 

 IV. \\enceslas), a reformation of religion took trians. led by the Archduke Karl, at Taglia- 

 place under John Huss aiul Jerome of Prague, mento; October 17th. the treaty of Campo 

 :i/.el IV.. the imprudent Formio. and in December he returned to France. 

 >ures adopted by the Emperor Sigismund He had won fifteen battles; atlded Savov and 

 -d in Bohemia a' war of .-i.xteen years' dura- Nice to France, the Netherlands, and Italy; 

 t ion. which ended in making Bohemia an elect ive had obtained vast money compensations, and 

 kingdom. In 1 1,~>S. the >hre\\d and able Protest- returned to France laden' with treasures of art. 

 ant noble, George von Podiebrad, ascended the Boxer Rebellion, The. The causes of 

 throne. His successor, Ladislaiis (1471-1516), the Boxer outbreak in China were cumulative. 

 was elected (1490) to the throne of Hungary, For three years prior to the enforced occupation 

 and removed the royal residence to Ofen, where of China by the powers, in 1900, a number of 

 also his son and successor, Louis (1516-26), acts of foreign countries had a disquieting effect 

 re-ided. After his death in battle against the upon the empire. Since 1898, Russia had taken 

 Turks at Mohacz (1526), Bohemia and Hungary Port Arthur and the adjacent harbor of Talien- 

 passed into the hands of Ferdinand I. of Austria, wan. Germany had leased Kiaochau and gained 

 who had married Louis' sister. From that time great concessions in the province of Shang Tung. 

 the history of Bohemia merges into the history France had suggested privileges in portions of 

 LStria. Chinese territory adjacent to the French posses- 

 Boil. A Celtic people, who emigrated from sions of Tonquin. Great Britain, to cap the 

 Transalpine Gaul into Italy, where they occupied climax, had obtained from China a lease of 

 the old seat of the Umbrians, between the Po Wei-Hai-Wei, on the south shore of the Gulf of 

 and the Apennines. In B. C. 283, the Boii were Pechili, opposite Port Arthur, and thus coin- 

 defeated by the Romans at the Vadimonian manded the entrance to the gulf and the water- 

 Lake, and thereafter prolonged through numer- approach to Peking. Many Chinese were re- 

 ous campaigns, especially in support of Hannibal, sentful of these encroachments by foreigners, 

 but sometimes single-handed, their resistance to but the Dowager Empress did not oppose them, 

 the Roman arms, till their complete defeat by and hence she was bitterly arraigned by her 

 Scipio Nasica, B. C. 191. They were subse- people. 



ouently compelled to recross the Alps, and The leader of this opposition was Prince Tuan. 

 dwelt for more than a century in a part of the sixth son of the Emperor Kwang-Su's grand- 

 modem Bohemia (which derives its name from father. Prince Tuan had long been an athlete 

 them), but were ultimately exterminated by the and had a following of many athletic young 

 Dacians. men in the kingdom, who, because of their 

 Bonaparte's Egyptian Campaign ability in sports, were known as boxers, a name 

 (1799). Alexandria fell into his hands; he won which Tuan's recruits adopted. Tuan pro- 

 the great battle of the Pyramids; completed the claimed his nine- year-old son heir presumptive 

 subjugation of Egypt; passed into Syria, made to the throne. The emperor, then but a figure- 

 himself master of Gaza and Jaffa; won the battle head, dominated by the Dowager Empress, had 

 of Mount Tabor; returned to Egypt, attacked little popular support. The Boxers revolted, 

 the Turks at Aboukir, and utterly destroyed massacred missionaries at many interior points 

 their whole army, June 25, 1799. of the empire, and finally made a concerted 

 Bonaparte's Forty Days Cam- attack upon the foreign legations in Peking, in 

 paign. He left Paris May 6, 1800; marched which movement the imperial troops eventually 

 over the Alps, and reached Aosta May 23d; he participated. 



entered Milan June 2d; won the battle of Monte- The Chinese Tsung-li-Yamen, the equivalent 



bello over the Austrians, June 9th, and the great to a responsible government ministry in Europe, 



battle of Marengo, June 14th; returned to Paris, was in sentiment hostile to foreigners, and 



Julv 2d. The forty days count from his arrival hence either would not, or could not, protect 



at Aosta, May 23d, to his return to Paris, July 2d. the legations or escort them safely from the 



Bonaparte's Italian Campaign i country. The civilized world received distress- 



(1796-97). He was 27 years of age. Apnl llth, I ing reports of massacres and outrages, and was 



he defeated Beaulieu, the Austrian general, at for several weeks in suspense as to the fate of 



Montenotte, in Sardinia; April 14th, he won the the foreign ministers in China, their families, 



battle of Millesimo; April 15th, he won the bat- legation attaches, and converted Chinese under 



tie of Dego; April 22d, he won a victory over i foreign protection. The offended powers de- 



the Piedmontese at Mondovi; May 10th, he de- ' cided upon concerted action and hurried vessels 



tea ted the Austrian general, Beaulieu, at the and troops to the ports nearest to the danger 



Bridge of Lodi, and entered Milan; June 19th, points. Upon Chinese resistance to the landing 



