34 



Till: STANDARD DICTIONARY OF TACTS 



In 1900, the Japanese nurnl" 1. and 



within the last 



. ' They i. . taken 



rmerly lu-M by the Chinese as agri- 

 cultural laborers and .1. 



vis commenced a i:< 

 .rlusion of all 



inirn.. 



Of the 

 ..U-rn times. 

 More than half a million dollars in j.i 



i. and many lr 



< aliph. Kalil. or Khalif kOlIf). The 



;tal dignity among the Saracens or 



d with absolute authority 



in all : ligion and politi- 



cal affairs. The government of tlie original 

 c.diphs continued from tlie death of Mohammed 

 till the ii.V>th year of the Heirira. that is. from 

 A. D. 632 to' IL'77. The Fatimite caliphs of 

 ( Mnmiad sovereigns of Spain, 

 i-:ich j be the only legitimate siieces- 



Mohammed. in opposition to the Abbas- 

 I'.agdad. which latter caliphate 

 I it- /enith of power and splendor under 

 id. in the Ninth Century. The 

 MOW one assumed by the Turkish Sultans, 

 the Prophet, and also by the 



ills, as successors of All. 



Campus Martins (Lat., The field of Man). 



nt times, a field by the side of the Tiber, 

 where the Roman youth practiced themselves 



dike exercises. It was consecrated to 

 .Mars, the god of war, and a temple of that deity 

 stood on it. During the earlier days of the 

 Roman Republic, it was also made use of as a 

 place for holding the comitia, or assemblies of 

 the people; and, in after times, it was adorned 

 with a jrreat number of fine statues. It consti- 

 tutes the principal part of the modern city of 

 Rome. 



( anada. In 1.~>:U, Jacques Cartier, a 

 French navigator, entering the St. Lawrence on 

 the festival of the saint of that title, took nomi- 

 nal po--e--ion of North America in the name of 

 hi- kin*:. Francis I. In 1608, Quebec was 

 founded by De Champlain; and here, fifteen 

 he built Fort St. Louis, from which 

 stronghold France ruled for 150 years a vast 



nding eastward to Acadia (now 



ml to Lake Superior, and 



ultimately down the Mi i-sippi as far as Florida 



ma. The Recollet and Jesuit mis- 



sionar d the country in all directions, 



and underwent incredible hardships in their zeal 



conversion of the Indians. These fearless 



were the pioneers of civilization in the 



tar \\Vst. and to one of the most intrepid 



-Is due the di -co very of the Mississippi 

 valley. In Hi7<), Charles 1 1.' granted to Prince 

 Rupert and hi- company, known ever since as 



mpany, the perpetual ex- 



clu-ive ri<;ht of trading in the territory watered 

 by all the streams flowing into Hudson' 

 Clarri-oned forts were now raised at suitable 

 point-, and the bitter enmity between the French 

 and the Knglish traders frequently led to bloody 

 struggles, in which sometimes the Indian- also 

 took a part. The most warlike native tribe was 

 that of the Iroquois, who were persistant ene- 



iie French, while the peaceful Ilurons 

 ly allies. Meanwhile, the wars on the 

 irjcan continent followed the course of the 

 - in Furope. until the long struggle between 

 .re and Knirland for the supremacy in Amer- 

 ica came to a clo-e on the " Plains of Abraham." 

 in 17.V.I. when (ieneral \Yolfe defeated Montcalm. 

 This victory opened the gates of Quebec. The 

 capitulation of Montreal next year brought to a 

 clo-e the era of French dominion in Canada. 

 The people of the conquered country wen 

 cured, by the terms of the treaty agreed to, in 

 the free exercise of their religion: and peace was 

 bided between Britain and France, 17l':{. 

 \\lien Canada was formally ceded to England, 

 and Louisiana to Spain. In the same year a 

 small portion of the recently acquired territory 

 was. by royal proclamation, organi/ed under 

 Knirlish laws. In 177 J. the new province \\as 

 extended by parliamentary enactment, and that 

 under French laws, down the Ohio to its con- 



'fluence with the Mississippi, and up the latter 

 stream to its source. Finally, Canada receded 

 to its present limits in 1783, giving up to the 

 American Republic, at the close of the Revolu- 

 tionary War. the sites of six States: Minnesota, 

 Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois. 

 In 1791, Canada was divided under separate 

 legislatures into two sections the eastern re- 

 taining French institutions, and the western 

 receiving those of England; and these sections, 

 again, after political discontent had in each 

 ripened into armed insurrection, were reunited 

 for legislative purposes in 1841. 



In 1867, March 28, the British North America 

 act for confederation of the colonies passed the 

 imperial parliament. It united Upper Canada, 

 or Ontario, Lower Canada, or Quebec, New 

 Brunswick, and Nova Scotia, into one territory, 

 to be named the Dominion of Canada. New- 

 foundland declared against joining the confed- 

 eration, but with that exception all the British 

 territory north of the United States was grad- 

 ually included within the Dominion the Hud- 

 son Bay Company territory by purchase in IMiS, 

 British Columbia in 1871, Prince Edward Island 

 in 1873. In 1870, an insurrection of the Red 

 River settlers, who were under apprehensions as 

 to how their titles to their lands might be affected 

 by the cession of the Hudson Bay Company's 

 rights, took place under the leadership of Louis 

 Riel, and had to be suppressed by a military 



j expedition under Colonel (now Viscount) Wolse- 

 ley. To reassure the settlers, a part of the newly- 

 purchased territory was erected into an inde- 

 pendent province under the name of Manitoba, 

 the unorganized territory beyond receiving the 

 name of the Northwestern Territory. In 1871, 

 the Washington Treaty arranged that the fish- 

 eries of both Canada and the United States 

 should be open to each country for the next 

 twelve years, Canada receiving a compensation, 

 afterwards fixed at five and a half million dollars, 

 for the superior value of its fisheries. In 1884, 

 considerable disaffection was caused amongst 

 the half-breeds and Indians in the Saskatchewan 

 and Assiniboine districts, on account of the diffi- 

 culty of obtaining valid titles to their lands. 

 The discontent at length took shape in an in-ur- 

 rection, which Louis Riel was invited to head. 



