38 THi: STANDARD DKTlnNARY OF FACTS 



inetl for thirte. r.arrativo Crimean War. In 1854, the Crimea ho- 



it was th&t, till very recently , most nty came the theater of a sanguinary war, under- 



knowled<:e oi ' l;j \7^\. taken by Enclandj France, Turkey, and Sardinia 



found their way into Corea in .support of tin- integrity of the sultan's power 



ami norm the people. Frmn and to check the growing ascendency of Russia 



till IM. . intrepid and devoted on the Black Sen. The allies landed near 



t rived to find shelter. Kupatoria. an<l defeated the Russians at the 



per-rcutions. the River Alma, September 20, ls.~>i; at Balaklava, 



Christian community continued rather to in- October 25th; at Inkerman, November 5th; at 



to ll.(H)i) souls. The the River Tchernaya. August 16, 1855. The 



led to an siegf of Sebastopol continued from October <>, 



invasion of C< -mall French force, but 1854, to September 8, IS. ".">. when the important 



\vitl. s. Nor did two suoceaave Ameri- fortresses known as't he Malakoff and the Redan 



litions. provoked by attack on an were stormed by the French and English, and 



i in breaking down the the Russians evacuated the city. An armistice 



barriers that I the Coreans from the was concluded February 26, 1856, and ] 



.-Id. The pseudonym of "Hermit was proclaimed in April of the same year. The 



Mached to Cores, not because of British loss, during the war, was nearly 124,000, 



od deadly jungles which interposed of which number, however, 16,500 died of dis- 



to constitute the Nile sources ease and privation. The French lost about 



,u.n of myths a nd mysteries for Corea, 6-3.500. The Russian loss was estimated at 



. had none of these to 500,000. 



bar in<:res- but because of a persistent policy Crusades (Lat. crux, a cross). The name 



lation which, consecrated by time, became given to the religious wars which were carried 



in f t of Corean religion. To be let on during the middle ages between the Christian 



alone by the So Yang Xnmni r'men from the nations of Western Europe and the Mohamme- 



i "). this was the policy of govern- dans of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. 



until our own day. About 1881, however, Originally, the object of the Crusades was to 



Corea made a treaty with Japan, and, later on, obtain free access for pilgrims to the Holy 



through Admiral Shufeldt. I". S. N.. with the Sepulchre, but they afterwards developed into 



United States treaties which were followed a contest for the possession of Jerusalem itself. 



by others with England, Russia, France, Ger- The Crusades lasted for nearly two centuries. 



many, and Italy. After Japan's victory over They are usually divided into eight, as follows: 



China, in 1895, Corea was made independent. First (1096-1100), led by Godfrey of Bouillon, 



In 1907, Corea practically passed under a Jap- and preached up by Peter the Hermit; second 



anese protectorate. (1147-1149), led by Louis VII. and the Emperor 



Covenanters. In Scottish history, the Konrad, at the instigation of St. Bernard; third 



ie given to the party which struggled for (1189-1193), led against Saladin, the Sultan of 



religious liberty from 1637 on to the revolution; Syria and Egypt, by Richard the Lion-hearted 



but more especially applied to the insurgents of England and Philip Augustus of France; 



who took up arms in defense of the Presbyterian fourth (1202-1204), led by Baldwin of Flanders 



form of church governnient. The Presbyterian and the Doge of Venice; fifth (1217), led by 



ministers who refused to acknowledge the bish- John Brienne, titular sovereign of Jerusalem; 



were ejected from their parishes and gath- sixth (1228-1229), led by Frederick II. of Ger- 



ered around them crowds of their people on the many; seventh and eighth (1248 1254 and 12(>S- 



hillsides to attend their ministrations. The 1270), to satisfy the religious scruples of Louis 



fir-t outbreaks took place in the hill country on IX. of France. Although the Crusades did not 



the borders of Ayr and Lanark shires. The accomplish their main object, and the "Holy 



murder of Archbishop Sharp, on Magus Moor, City" remained finally in the hands of the 



and a skirmish near there alarmed the govern- "Infidels," they yet called forth an amount of 



mem. who sent troops to put down the insur- enterprise that has exerted a powerful influence 



. who had increased in number rapidly, upon modern civilization. On the other hand, 



The two armies met at Bothwell Bridge, when the they cost many millions of lives, and the deeds 



ere totally defeated, June 22, 1679. that were done during the Crusades in the sacred 



In conse* | nence of the rebellious protest, called name of Christ would be altogether repugnant 



S;ind<|uhar Declaration." put forth in 1680, to all modern ideas of religion or even of human- 



by Cameron, Cargill. and others, as representing ity. The name Crusades was derived from the 



more irreconcilable of the Covenanters, and symbol of the cross, which the warriors engaged 



a MibM-fpiont proclamation in 1684, the govern- in them wore over their armor. 



ment proceeded to more severe measures. An Cuba, spoken of as the "Queen of the An- 



oath was now required of all who would free lilies," was discovered by Columbus in 1-192, 



themselves of suspicion of complicity with the the discoverer calling it "the most beautiful 



Covenanters; and the dragoons, who were sent land that eyes ever beheld." It was first settled 



out to hunt down the rebels, were empowered by Spaniards at Baracoa in 1511. Havana, 



to kill anyone who refused to take the oath, first settled in 1519, was reduced to ashes by 



After the accession of William, some of the ex- the French in 1538, and again in 1551. 1 or 



treme Covenanters refused to acknowledge him, ! about one and a half centuries, Cuba was in 



owing to his acceptance of Episcopacy in Eng- constant danger from French, Dutch, English, 



land, and formed the earliest dissenting sect in and West Indian filibusters. In 1702, the Eng- 



Scotland. lish, under Lord Albemarle, took Havana, 



