HISTORY 



n 



subjects in Denmark proper, but the disaffection 

 still smoldered in the duchies. On the death, 

 in 1863, of Frederick VII., Prince Christian 

 of Schleswick-Holstein-Gliicksborg ascended tin- 

 throne under the title of Christian IX. In 1906, 

 on the death of the latter, King Frederick VIII. 

 led \\\< father. 



Deposed Kings of England. (1) Be- 

 ('m'jitixt: Sigebert of Wessex, A. D. 755; 

 Alcred of Northumbria. 774; Ethelred I., 779; 

 Kardwulf and Ethelwulf, 857; Kdw 

 Ethelred II.. 1013; Hardicanute, son of Canute, 

 (2) Since the Conquest: Edward II.. i:{J7 : 

 Richard II.. l-:;w : Henry VI.. 1 ir,o : James II., 

 1688. Euphemistically called his "abdication." 

 Charles I. was not only deposed but tried tor- 

 treason against his parliament and beheaded; 

 Charles II. was not exactly deposed, but lie was 

 kept from the crown during the Commonwealth. 

 The most absolute and tyrannical of British 

 sovereigns have been the' Welsh and Scotch 

 dynasties, but Wales and Scotland are eminently 

 ratio- The Stuarts claimed the "right 

 divine" of kings; but James I. and Charles II. 

 did no honor to the claim. 



Deposed Kings of France. Louis 

 XVI.. like Charles I., was not only deposed but 

 executed, 1793; Napoleon I. (emperor) was twice 

 deposed, 1814, 1815; Charles X. (1830), like 

 James II.. is said to have "abdicated": Louis- 

 Philippe (1848), also said to have "abdicated": 

 Napoleon III., 1872. 



Dictator (<fifc-tififir). A magistrate ap- 

 pointed in time-; of exigency and peril, and in- 

 with extraordinary powers. They acted 

 '-rals-in-chief of the army, and* could 

 derlarc war or make peace at their pleasure. 

 They were originally selected from the patrician 

 order, the firM having been Titus Laertius, B. C. 

 .-,<)!. In B. C. 356, however, the office of dic- 

 tator was thrown open to the plebeians, and 

 Marcius Rutilus, one of that da---, received the 

 appointment. For the space of 400 years this 

 oilier was regarded with veneration. ' till Sylla 

 and <': becoming perpetual dictator, 



eorm-rted it into an engine of tyranny, and 

 rendered the very name odious. Hence, it 

 extinguished by decree of Mark Antony, 



Directory* The. "Le Directoire." the 



executive of the < oii-t itution of Vear III. 

 'October L'7. 171)5 November 1). 17Mh. The 

 IrirMaliirr con-iMed of two houses the Council 

 of Klders and the Council The number 



of the director^ \\;is live, named by the two 

 council-., and they were elected for five; years, 

 without power of reelection. They appointed 

 the ministers ""d Irs grnrraux-rn chef. Abol- 

 ished i,y Napoleon in November, 1799. 



The military -.'lory of 1'nmcr greater 



than in tin- hirrrtnry. It had for it > command- 

 ers, Bonaparte, Klber, Desaix, Messina, and 

 Moreau. 



IHsfriri d < ohiM.bla. Thr region of 



ffM originally a i 



camping and fi-hing ground of seVcral Indian 



tribes who lived in it- vicinity, and was called 



by them the "Kivrr <.t Swans." As early M 



i portion of the tract was purchased by 



-lishman named I'opr, who nan.. 



whole tract Rome, a stream running through it 

 the Tiber, and the principal eminence, on which 

 pitol now stands, Capitoline Hill, and 

 signed all his letters and documents "The Pope 

 of Rome." Some thirty years prior to this, the 

 Potomac had been explored as far as Little Falls. 

 beyond the limits of the District of Columbia. 

 by an Indian trader named William Fleet, with 

 whom Leonard Calvert treated. It.U. The 

 Colonial Congress, for a number of years follow- 

 ing its organization, had no permanent seat. 

 The session of 1783 was begun in Philadelphia, 

 but. being disturbed by a riotous demand of the 

 soldiers for their overdue pay. Congress ad- 

 journed first to Princeton, t't \nnapolis, 



j and, subsequently. i ork. The question 



of a permanent seat of government, to be en- 

 tirely under federal authority, which had been 

 broached several times, was "then consider* 

 be urgent; and when the proposed Federal Con- 

 stitution was being drafted (1787) a clause was 

 ted in Art. I. Sec. 8, establishing the power 

 of Congress to \rlusivr legislation over 



such a district as might subsequently be ceded 

 to the government by particular States for a 

 seat of the Governrnqnt of the Tnited States. 

 As soon as the intention of <> select a 



known, the State of Maryland ceded 

 sixty square miles on one side of the river, and 

 the'State of Virginia forty square miles on the 

 other, to constitute the federal district. The 

 site of the national capital was selected in : 

 and the first stone to mark the boundan- 

 the District of Columbia was set at Jones' Point. 

 below Alexandria. April !.">. 17 ( .U. The com- 

 missioners appointed to lay out the district 



; agreed that it should be called "The Territory 

 of Columbia." and the federal city "Thr 

 of Washington." The city was laid out in 

 accordance with the plans of Major L'Knfant, 

 a French officer and engineer who had been 



1 wounded at Savannah, and who was one of 

 Washington's favorite officers. Public buildings 

 \\ re erected, and official possession was taken, 

 isnii. \\hen Conirreaa removed from Philadelphia 

 and began holding its sessions there. Subse- 

 quently, the whole territory was styled the 

 District of Columbia, in memory of Christopher 

 Columbus. In 1.x i ><) square 



miles was red' >ur square miles by 



retrocession to Virginia of the section previously 

 included within the bounds of that State. Pre- 

 vious to 1871, legislative power was exercised 

 direct ly by ( ongress. An act adopted that year 



lorial form of go 1 . 

 and gave the < presentation in CotlgreM 



for the first time. The charters of Georgetown, 

 Incorporated December 25, 1789, and Washing- 

 ton, mcorpo rated May :{. 1S02, were repealed 

 by the act. though both were allowed to bear 

 the nain. i thr corj M.rat ions of the 



a- \\rll as that of Washington County. 

 were merged into the new goven 

 andcr K. Shrpherd became president of the 



ens' Reform Association. ls7u. \ice-presi- 

 dent of the Board of Public Works m,d. 

 new government. 1x71, and governor of 

 list- In 1874, the territorial gm 



\\as abolished, and nnce then all the public 

 rh< darnel have been managed by a 



