HISTORY 43 



France 800,000 Protestants, and gave to England sides form the Nineteenth Dynasty. They com- 

 (part of these) 50, 000 industrious artisans. Some mence with Ramses I., who seems to have been 

 thousands, who brought with them the art of of Lower Egyptian extraction. His grandson, 

 manufacturing silks, settled in Spitalfields, where the great Ramses II., or Sesostris, was succe 

 their descendants yet remain: others planted against the neighboring Arabs. a nd covered 

 themselves in Soho and St. Giles's, and pursued Egypt with magnificent building. Ham-e- II. 

 the art of making crystal glasses, and various was probably the Pharaoh who oppressed the 

 fine works in which they excelled; among these, Hebrews, and the exodus may have occurred 

 ry, then little understood in England. under his successor, Meneptah, or Merenptah. 

 Mn-ypt. The Egyptians are the earliest j Under the later Ramessides the Egyptian Em- 

 people known to us as a nation. When Abra- i pire began to decav. A new dynasty, Twenty- 

 ham entered the Delta from Canaan, they had first, came to the throne with King Hirhor. Tne 

 been long enjoving the advantages of a settled seat of their power was Tanis in the I > 

 government. They had built cities, invented During this period a great number of foreig: 

 hieroglyphic signs, and . improved them into Libyans as well as Asiatics, established them- 

 bic writing, and almost into an alphabet, selves in Egypt. About 961, Sheshenk I., the 

 had invented records, and wrote their Shishak of the Bible, of a Shemite family from 

 kinds' names and actions on the massive temples Bubastis, established a new dynasty (Twenty- 

 which they raised. The arrangement of Egyp- second). He attempted to restore Egyptian 

 tian chronology is still a much-disputed point rule in the East, and conquered and plundered 

 amongst scholars. A list of the kings of Egypt, Jerusalem. After his death, Egypt was torn by 

 arranged in thirty dynasties, was given by the civil wars, and eventually the Ethiopians under 

 Manetho (about 250 B. C.), and this Shabak (Sabako) conquered it .Twenty-fifth 

 division is still used. His list, however, is in a \ Dynasty). For a time it was subject alternately 

 corrupt condition and his method is not to Ethiopian and Assyrian princes, but in the 

 ly chronological. Hence, in the various ; Seventh Century the kings of Sais once more 

 ems of chronology adopted by Egyptolo- restored its independence and prosperity to 

 the dates assigned to Mena (or Menes) ; Egypt. Psamethik I. (Psammetichus) warred 

 from ~>~()- to L'440 B. C. According to successfully in Syria and Palestine. King Xekho 

 tradition. Mena formed the old Empire of Egypt (610-594) defeated Josiah, King of Judah, but 

 founded its capital Memphis. The Fourth his further progress was checked by Nebuchad- 

 Dynasty i- distinguished as the "Pyramid Dy- nezzar. His sailors circumnavigated A:: 



Three of its kings, Khufu, Khafra, and Uahbra (the Greek Apries, the Hophrah of the 



Menkaura (according to Herodotus, Cheops, Bible); and Aahmes II. (Greek Amasis) followed. 



Chephren, and Mykerinos), built the largest About 523, Cambyses, King of Persia, overran 



:nids. The date assigned to these kings in Egypt and made it a Persian province. During 



limnology of Lepsius is 2800-2700. About the reign of Cambyses the Egyptians suffered 



LMi ID the government of the empire seems to much oppression. After the Persian defeat at 



been transferred from Memphis to Thebes, Marathon, the Egyptians rose and recovered 



and with the beginning of Dynasty Twelve, the their independence for a short time, but 



Theban line was firmly established. The chief again subaued, and, in spite of two other revolU, 



es of this dynasty are Amenemhat I. Egypt remained a Persian province till Persia 



ho seems to have extended the power itself was conquered by Alexander the Great, 



u r ypt over a part of Nubia; Usurtasan I., B. C. 332. Egypt now became a Gr 



who made further conquests in this direction; : many Greeks having been already settled in the 



Amenemhat III. (2179), who constructed country, and the Eiryptians were treated as an 



M M(eris), a large reservoir for regu- inferior race. Alexandria was founded a the 



iter supply of the Nile. About new Greek capital. On Alexander's death 



1'1'iu. Eirypt was conquered by the Hyksos, or general. Ptolemy, took posse the throne 



n-rd Kings, who invaded Egypt from the and became the first of a Greek Dynasty that 



east and established their capital ai Tanis for three hundred years made Egypt one oi 



Ihi ban princes seem, however, to , chief kingdoms of the \\orld. The Ptolemiee 



have preserved a state of semi-independence, were magnificent patrons of letters and arts. 



ist a revolt commenced which ended Theocritus, Callimaehus. Euclid the gem:, 



by the -hcpherd kings being completely driven eian. the astronomers Eratosthenes and Ari 



of Egypt by King Aahmes (Amittt) <>i etc., flourished under their rule. But while the 



os (about 1600), the first of t -nth Alexandi -s managed to keep do \\n the 



isty. With Aahmes and the expulsion of native Egyptian-, they were themselves sink me 



h.-pherd kind's be-an the i, under the Romans, Ptolemy Auletes weir 



Theban kings who built the magnificent II. .me to ask help against his subject*, and the 



nd palaces at Thebes. Tin km-* ..t tamous Cleopatra maintained her i 



.ther part ; pt sank to the rank of through her |>ersonal influence \\ith .b. 



II in i \! irk Antonx. < >n the d< 



1 Mempl.i . his marriage Antony by Augustus, B. C. 30, Egypt became 



Under Thutmi III ind i pi tome. 1 1 wan *till a Greek 



. 



ve SUCCesgfnl expeditions and Alt \tlidni \\.i ' -<at of (i' 



ind the Ethiopian-. Amen learning ami -rienee. On i' 1 



I s<-t lip In IV the . 



Al.ieh th. 



al statue of Mnmon. cul school. mensand 



