44 



THK STANPAKD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



Origen. : '>f Gnostics united 



Muitfie with n-ligion. The school of AU-x- 



.-,1 IMotinu- an.l I'rorlus. 



pi ; Chri-tian 



M of tlu- |:iir:iii hermits, aiul 



otic. 



1 : m pi re 

 into the 



::pin-. Kgypt Uratm- a 



.nee of ti an-1 -ank deeper aiul 



,ri-rn ami weakness. It \va< con- 



\. i) b] the l'p 



I he caliphs it was under 

 :;iled Abbasides 



Ku>hid and Al-Mainun and that oi 

 lin. The la-t dynasty 



was. i thrown l>y the .Mamelukes 



i : and the Mamelukes i'n their turn were 



i irka L515-17). The Mame- 



lukt ted attempt- to ca>t oil the 



Turk and had virtually done so by the 



itury, when the French conquered 



: t and held "it till 1S01. when they were 

 the Hriti>h under Abercromby 



\pul>ion of the French a Turkish 

 force under Mehemet All Hey took possession of 

 the country. .Mehemet All wa< made pasha. 

 i.eini: :'i man of great ability, administered 

 country viir<>n>ii>ly and greatly extended 

 Egyptian territories. At length he broke 

 wit!. . and alter gaining a decisive vie- 



over the Ottoman troops in Syria, in 1839, 

 he wafl acknowledged by the sultan as viceroy 

 of Egypt, with the right of succession in his 

 met Ali died in 1X-19, having sur- 

 1 his son Ibrahim, who died in 1848. He 

 was succeeded by his grandson, Abbas, who, 

 in is.') I. \v n-d by his uncle, Said, 



son of Mehemet. Under his rule railways were 

 opened, ami the cutting of the Suez Canal com- 

 menced, id's death, Ismail Pasha, a 

 gran Mehemet Ali, obtained the govern- 

 ment in 1863. His administration was vigorous 

 but exceedingly extravagant, and brought the 

 finances of the country into disorder. In 1866, 

 firman from the sultan, granting 

 him the title of khedive. In 1879 he was forced 

 to abdicate under pressure of the British and 

 :ich governments, and was replaced by his 

 k. In 1882 the "national party" 

 under Arabi Pasha revolted and forced the 

 khedive to flee. On July llth. a British fleet 

 bombarded Alexandria and restored the khedive, 

 and at Tel-el-Kcbir Arabi's forces were totally 

 mber l.'ith. A rebellion in the 

 Soudan, under the leader-hip of Mohammed 

 Ahmed, the so-called rnahdi, now gave the gov- 

 ernment trouble. In 1883 the mahdi's forces 

 annihilated an Egyptian force under Hicks 

 Pasha in Kordofan. British troops were now 

 atched to Suakin and inflicted two severe 

 defeats on the mahdi's followers there. But 

 the British cabinet had re-olved to abandon the 

 Soudan; and General Gordon, already famous 

 for his work in this district, was sent to effect 

 the safe withdrawal of the garrisons ( 1SS1 |. By 

 this time, however, the mahdi's forces were strong 

 enough to shut the general up in Khartoum. 

 For nearly a year he held the town, but peri-hed 



(January. 1885) before the relief expedition 

 ,arnet \Yolseley could reach him. 

 lien the Anglo-Egyptian troops have 

 reoccupied it. Prince Abbas succeeded as khe- 

 dive in 1MH.' the British still retaining control. 

 The predominant position of Great Britain in 

 Enypt was formally recognized by France under 

 the' Anglo-French Agreement of 1901. 



El Caney (cl-ai'-nu), a fortified town of 

 Cuba: on the main road, four miles northeast 

 of Santiago. During the Spanish-American 

 war it was the scene of a decided American vic- 

 tory. At (i A. M.on July 1, 1898, Captain (ap- 

 ron's battery of four guns opened fire on El 

 Caney from an elevation about a mile and a half 

 distant. The guns were not heavy enough to 

 destroy the enemy's works, and at eight o'clock 

 General Lawtoii's infantry of Chaffee's brigade, 

 consisting of the 7th, 12th, and 17th 1'nited 

 States Infantry, assaulted and captured the hill 

 with many prisoners. In 1901 the United States 

 Government purchased the battlefield and ap- 

 proaches for a public reservation. 



Electors, The, or Kurfursts, of 

 Germany, German princes who enjoyed the 

 privilege of disposing of the imperial crown, 

 ranked next the emperor, and were originally 

 six in number, but grew to eight, and finally 

 nine ; three were ecclesiastical the Arch- 

 bishops of Mayence, Cologne, and Treves. and 

 three secular the Electors of Saxony, the 

 Palatinate, and Bohemia, to which were added 

 at successive periods the Electors of Branden- 

 burg, of Bavaria, and Hanover. 



Emancipation Proclamation, a 

 proclamation providing for the emancipation 

 of the slaves in certain parts of the Confederate 

 States, issued as a war measure by President 

 Lincoln, January 1, 1863. The number of slaves 

 emancipated by this proclamation was, taking 

 the census of 1860 as a basis, as follows: 



Alabama, 435,080 



Arkansas, 111,115 



Florida, 61,745 



Georgia, 462,198 



Louisiana, 247,715 



Mississippi, 436,631 



North Carolina, 331,059 



South Carolina, 402,046 



Texas, 182,566 



Virginia, 450,000 



Total, 3,120,515 



The number of slaves not affected by its pro- 

 visions was about 832,000. The full text of the 

 proclamation is as follows: 



Whereas, on the twenty-second day of September, 

 one thousand eight hundred and sixty-two, a proclama- 

 tion was issued by the President of the United States, 

 containing, among other things, the following, to-wit: 



That on the first day of January, in the year of our 

 Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all 

 persons held as slaves within any State, or designated 

 part of State, the people whereof shall be in rebellion 

 against the United States, shall be then, thenceforth and 

 forever free, and the Executive Government of the 

 United States including the military and naval officers 

 thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such 

 persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such per- 

 sons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for 

 their actual freedom. 



That the Executive will, on the first day of January 

 .ifnrc-.-iiil, l>y proclamation, designate the States and 

 parts of States, if any, in which the people thereof shall 



