10 



Till: STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



A large Enriish force under Lord Napier then 

 came to Abyssinia and capt 

 fortress of Magdala in April. 1868. On this 

 Theodore committed r an interval 



of anarchy Prince Kassai assumed p<> 

 Johannes II.. in L872. He died m 1889, and 

 was succeeded by Mi-n 1 k II la then 



protectorate. 

 During 1895 a war p: 



anil Italy, which wu fa 1 ( .<><''. 



an at:: .reat Britain. France. 



and Italy, as to their interests in Abyssinia, was 



;ed by 



: nation of a cabi- 

 Ti European li 



\b\vxinj.m \\ar. The. Between the 



Hriti.-i. Dg of Al>yinia. This 



ion i for ' Maries, Cap- 



ui.l others) was under Sir R. 



who join.-d the army at Senate. January, 



1868. Colonel Phayre defeated Theodore at 



Magdala. 1 . ril. which was bombarded 



on 13th of April. The return of 



.ritMi army commenced 18th of April, 



is, is. 



\ I L r haiiistan. The history of Afghanis- 

 modern times. The eol- 

 of tin 1 country itself is of modern 

 rnal origin IVrsian'). In 1738, the coun- 

 iry was conquered by the Persians under Nadir 

 Shah. On his death, in 1717. Ahmed Shah, one 

 of his general-, obtained the sovereignty of 

 ami became the founder of a dy- 

 vhich la-ted about eighty years. At the 

 end of that time Dost Mohammed, the ruler of 

 Cabul, had acquired a preponderating influence 

 in the country. On account of his dealings with 

 08 the British resolved to dethrone 

 him and n-stn- Shah Shuja. a former ruler. In 

 April. 1839. a British army under Sir John 

 . entered Afghanistan, occupied Cabul, 

 and placed Shah Shuja on the throne, a force of i 

 s.oiM) l>eing left to support the new sovereign. 

 .MacNaghten remained as envoy at Cabul, 

 with Sir Alexander Burnes as assistant envoy. 

 MS soon organized a wide-spread in- 

 i"n. which came to a head on November 

 2, 1841, when Burnes and a number of British 

 officers, besides women and children, were mur- 

 dered, MacNaghten being murdered not long 

 after. The other British leaders now made a 

 treaty with the Afghans, at whose head was 

 Akbar. son of Dost Mohammed, agreeing to 

 withdraw ii Tom the country, while the 



MS were to furnish them with provisions 

 and escort them on their way. On January 6, 

 ]si_>. the Brit Mi left Cabul and began their most 

 retreat. The cold was intense, they 

 had almost no food for the treacherous 

 Afghans did not fulfill their promises and day 

 after day they were assailed by bodies of the 

 eii'-my. By the 13th. liO.OOO persons, including 

 (imp-followers, women, and children, were de- 

 stroyed. Some were kept as pri-oncr-. but only 

 one man, Dr. Brydon, reached Jelalabad, which, 

 as well as Kandahar, was still held by British 

 troops. In a few months General Pollock, with 

 a fresh army from India, retook Cabul and soon 

 finished the war. Shah Shuja having been Ba- 

 ited, Dost Mohammed again obtained the 



throne of Cabul. and acquired extensive power in 

 in. He joined with the Sikhs against 

 the British, but afterward made an offensive 

 and defensive alliance with the latter. He died 

 in 1863. having nominated his son Shere Ali his 

 successor. Shere Ali entered into friendly re- 

 with the British, but in 1S7S. having re- 

 p'.il-ed a British envoy and refused to receive a 

 British mission (a Russian mission being mean- 

 time at his court I. war was declared against him, 

 and the British troops entered Afghanistan. 

 They met with comparatively little resistance, 

 the ameer tied to Turkestan, where he soon after 

 died; and his son Yakoob Khan having suc- 

 ceeded him concluded a treaty with the British 

 (at Gandamak, May, 1879), in which a certain 

 extension of the British frontier, the control by 

 Britain of the foreign policy of Afghanistan, 

 and the residence of a British envoy in Cabul, 

 were the chief stipulations. The members of the 

 mission were again treacherously attacked and 

 slain, and troops were again sent into the coun- 

 try. Cabul was again occupied, and Kandahar 

 and Ghazni were also relieved; while Yakoob 

 Khan was sent to imprisonment in India. In 

 1880, Abdur-Rahman, a grandson of Dost Mo- 

 hammed, was recognized by Britain as emir of 

 the country, and has since been on friendly 

 terms with the British, by whom he is subsidized. 

 Encroachments by the Russians on territory 

 claimed by Afghanistan almost brought about 

 a rupture between Britain and Russia in 1885, 

 and lecl to the delimitation of the frontier of 

 Afghanistan on the side next the territory now 

 occupied by Russia. In 1897, a punitive ex- 

 pedition was again sent against the tribes around 

 the Khyber Pass, who disregarded their pledges. 

 In 1905, the Ameer ratified a treaty with Great 

 Britain agreeing to accept the advice of the Brit- 

 ish Government in regard to his foreign relations, 

 and was guaranteed against unprovoked ag- 

 gressions on his dominions. 



Afghan War, The. A diplomatic con- 

 test between France and Russia induced Dost 

 Mohammed of Cabul to invite the friendship of 

 Great Britain in 1836. This led to a diplomatic 

 contest between Great Britain and Russia re- 

 specting Afghanistan. Dost Mohammed joined 

 Persia, and war was proclaimed against him at 

 Simla by Lord Auckland, Governor-General of 

 India, October 1, 1838. Dost Mohammed gave 

 himself up at Cabul to Sir W. MacNaghten, No- 

 vember 3, 1840; but his son Akbar Khan com- 

 pletely outwitted General Elphinstone and the 

 envoy, Sir William MacNaghten, both of whom 

 were treacherously put to death. Negotiations 

 for quitting Cabul were purposely delayed till 

 winter had set in; and then the whole Brit- 

 ish force, which, with women and children 

 amounted to 20,000 souls, were as treacherously 

 destroyed in the Khyber Pass, 1842. 



African War, The. The first African 

 War was undertaken by the Romans for the 

 restoration of Hiempsal to the throne of Nu- 

 mantia. Ahenobarbus, the leader of the Marian 

 party in Africa, had dethroned him, bvlt Cneius 

 Pompey slew Ahenobarbus. and restored Hiemp- 

 sal. B. C. 81. 



The second African War was between Caasar 

 and Scipio, B. C. 46. Caesar defeated the party 



