HISTORY 



51 



dragged Britain into the wars between France, 

 Prussia, and Austria, regarding the succession 

 of UK- Kmperor Charles. George himself fought 

 at the head of his troops at Dettingen (1743). 

 where he obtained a complete victory over the 

 Fn-ncli. wliirh was balance.!, however, later on 

 by the defeat at 1 ontenoy (17 



-h attempt was now made to restore the 

 family to the throne of Britain. Charles 

 Kdward, son of the Old Pretender, having been 

 furnished by France with a small supply of 

 money and arms, landed on the coast of Lock- 

 up the Western Highlands, in 1745, and 

 was joined by a considerable number of the 

 people. Marching southwards with 1,500 High- 

 landers, his tWce- increasing as he advanced, he 

 ; Edinburgh without opposition ; and hav- 

 l Sir John Cope near Prestonpans he 

 marched into England. He now took Carlisle, 

 and advanced through Lancaster, Preston, and 

 Manchester, to Derby, within 100 miles of Lon- 

 don: l>ut finding himself disappointed of expect- 

 ed succors from France, and the English Tories, 

 contrary to his expectations, keeping aloof, he 

 commenced his retreat into Scotland, closely 

 1 by the king's troops, whom he again 

 1 at Falkirk. With this victory his good 

 fortune terminated. The Duke of Cumberland 

 ha vim: arrived from the continent put himself 

 at the head of the forces which were destined to 

 heck the rebels; and the armies having met at 

 Culloden. near Inverness, Charles was completely 

 1. After lurking for six months amidst 

 the wilds of Invernesshire, he at length, with 

 much difficulty, escaped to France. 



The war of the Austrian succession, which still 



continued and which was the cause of the hostili- 



ween the French and British in India as 



well as elsewhere, was terminated by the treaty 



la-Chapelle in 1748. During most of this 



period IVlham and his brother, the Duke of New- 



eastle. had been the ruling ministers, and in their 



hands the art of government had reached a low 



level both as regards morality and ability. In 



'10 Style of reckoning time was intro- 

 1 1 id t he Old Style being eleven days behind, 



: of September, 1752, was called the 14th. 

 At the same time the 1st of January was fix. . I u 

 n ing day of the year, instead of the 25th 

 rch. 



after, the French, uneasy at the growing 



ver of Britain, made a determined 



_ r ainst the Brit isl i Colonies and possessions 



rtb America and the Kast Indies, and at 



iti.sh met with several dlM 



VCD Years' War broke 

 ace being allied on the one 



and Kngland on the otL 

 N9M attended the Briti-h arms in Kurope 

 also. I ly. a treat war minister. William 



<-ok the helm of the -. In 17.".s 

 'ish made t h Masters of 



i'-mi-nts in N.irth \inerica. while the 



in the whole 



ida. The s : ,;ne year the British and their 

 l.nden in i 



n 1. - 



vin in America. < 

 Plassey and (',,. lewash 



: (1760) secured the British empire in the 

 and together with the naval feats of Hawke and 

 Boscawen made England the greatest of mari- 

 time and colonial powers. 



On the accession of (leorge III. in 1700 host Hi - 



vere still carried on, generally to t: 

 j tage of the French as far as the th- ir in 



! Germany was concerned, but still more to their 

 loss in the other quarters < >\ t he w .rid where t hey 

 were engaged with the British in a struggle for 

 supremacy, and this notwithstanding that Spain 

 had now joined her forces to those of France. At 

 length the success of the British arms induced 

 France and Spain to accede to terms, and the 

 war ended by the Treaty of Paris in 17(Vi. The 

 French relinquished nearly all their possessions 

 in North America : Minorca was restored to Brit- 

 ain; in the East Indies they got back their 

 i tories and settlements, on condition that they 

 ! should maintain neither forts nor troops in Ben- 

 gal ; Cuba and Manila were resigned to the Span- 

 iards. In Europe everything was t 

 status quo. 



The expenses of this war, which had been 

 undertaken partly for the defense of the Ameri- 

 can Colonies, had added upwards of 72,000.000 

 to the national debt. It seemed to the British 

 people to be just that the Americans should be 

 taxed to assist in the payment of the int- 

 The Americans did -not deny the justice, but 

 replied that if they were to be taxed they had a 

 right to be represented in parliament, in order 

 that, like other British subjects, they might l>e 

 taxed only in consequence of tip 

 Grenville, then the prime-minuter, stood to his 

 purpose, however, and introduced a bill for 

 imposing certain stamp duties on the Ar 

 Colonies. The American-; protested and i 

 and partly by the influence of the great Pitt, 

 who nad steadily opposed the measure, the bill 

 was withdrawn.' On the illness of Pitt. n<>\\ 

 Lord Chatham, in 17(>7. Townshend became 

 premier, and again revived the proj. 

 the Americans oy imposing duties on tea 

 in 1770, Lord North, as his successor, set 1 

 to carry it out. The result was that in 177"> 

 the Colonies were declared in a >ellion 



and a war began, in which both 1 : Spain 



joined the revolted Colonies, and of which the 

 result was the recognition of the inde|xndene* 

 of the Tnited States. On the American Hide of 

 this struggle the great Darnell that of George 

 Washington. On the British side the war was 

 unskillfully conducted, and though they gained 

 some successes t more than counter- 



balanced by such blows as the capituligioii of 

 Burgoyne with nearly r,.ooo men at > 



and of Cormvallis at Y>rkiwn with 



;n|T:in fo 



British could show such successes as that of 

 Admiral Rodney off Cape St. Yin.- 

 the brilliant defense iar by General 



I77' Sji; and Admiral Rodney's 

 over the French fWt in the West Indies 



r dosed with the Peace of Ycrsaillcs in 

 .in finally IC<| V\ ' 



Indian Mauds: Spain got 1 

 France Pondicherry a India. 



1 'added over '"HI to 



;ial debt. 



