HISTORY 



113 



France a constitution; July 14th, Storming of 



the Ba-tille; October 5th and 6th, the king and 



mot Assembly transferred from Versailles 



t<> Paris. This closed the ancient regime of the 



court. June 20, 21, 1791, flight and capture 



of the king, queen, and royal family. June 20, 



attack on the Tuileries by Santerre: Au- 



loth. attack on the Tuileries and downfall 



of the monarchy; September 2d, 3d, and 4th, 



of the state prisoners. January 21, 



us XVI guillotined; May 31st, com- 



nt of the Reign of Terror; June 2d, the 



idists proscribed; October 16th, Marie 



mette guillotined; October 31st, the Giron- 



iruillotmed. April 5th, 1794, downfall of 



n; July 27th, downfall of Robespierre. 



Frisians OF Frisll (later called Frisones). 



An ancient Germanic people, who inhabited, the 



extreme northwest of Germany, between 'the 



mouths of the 'Rhine and Ems, and were sub- 



1 to the Roman power under Drusus. They 



subdued by the Franks, and, on the division 



of the Carlovingian Empire, their country was 



led into West Frisian (West Friesland) and 



Frisian (East Friesland). The language 



of the I-riesians is intermediate between the 



xon and the Old Norse. Our knowl- 



ot the old Frisian is derived from certain 



lions of laws; as the " Asegabuch," com- 



1 about 1LMH); the " Brockmerbrief," in the 



Thirteenth Century; the "(Epnsiger Domen," 



1300, and some others. 



Fronde, a name given to a revolt in France 

 opposed to the Court of Anne of Austria and 

 llazarin during the minority of Louis XIV. The 

 \vhich arose, and which was due to the des- 

 potism of Mazarin, passed through two phases; 

 it was first a war on the part of the people and 

 the parliament, called the Old Fronde, which 

 lasted from 1648 till 1649, and then a war on the 

 part of the nobles, called the New Fronde, which 

 Mted till in.")-!, when the revolt was crushed by 

 Turenne to the triumph of the royal power. 

 The name is derived from the mimic fights with 

 slinks in which the boys of Paris frequently in- 

 dulged, and which even went so far as to beat back 



l the civic guard sent to suppress them. 



<-:irde Natlonale, a guard of armed 



citizens instituted in Paris, July 13, 1789. At 



first it numbered 18,000 men, but was increased 



to 3(M).(MM) when it was organized throughout 



the whole country. Marquis de Lafayette was 



its fir>t commander. It was reorganized by the 



Bfactory and by Napoleon, and again under the 



Bourbon-, ;md W& di olved in l.XL'7. I'nder 



- I'hilippe. it was resuscitated and runt rib 



uted to his overthrow. In L851, the national guard 



i/ed. but in IS.").") dissolved. 



In 1X70. the national guard of Paris was formed 



the defense of the city against the 1'ru-i 

 The resistance of a section of the guard to the 

 of disarmament led to the communal 

 at the clo>e of which tin- guard \\as de 

 i dissolved by the National Assembly (1871). 

 .IM-\;I < on\ rntioii. Q convenii..n 

 d by t lie cliirt I jitopeans continental p<> 



providing f'>r the succor of the s M -k :|I ,,| 

 I* I in war. It has since been ratified by 



itd States, Great Britain, Jnp:r 

 about forty other nations. The chief provisions 



are: (1) The neutrality of ambulances and 

 military hospitals. (2) The personnel of such 

 ambulances and hospitals, including sanitary 

 officers and naval and military chaplains, to be 

 benefited by the neutrality. '(3) The inhabit- 

 ants of a country, rendering help to the sick and 

 wounded, are to be respected and free from cap- 

 ture. (4) No distinction to be made bet \\een 

 the sick and wounded, on account of nationality. 

 (5) A flag and uniform to be adopted, and an 

 armlet for the personnel of ambulances and hos- 



Sitals. The flag and armlet to consist of a red 

 reek cross on a white ground. The Turks use 

 a red crescent in place of the cross. Other pro- 

 visions have since been added intended to miti- 

 gate the severity of naval combat, and cover 

 cases of capture and sinking of vessels. To 

 carry out the terms of this convention, the Inter- 

 national Society for the Aid of the Sick ami 

 Wounded has been organized, with committees 

 in the chief towns in the Tinted States ami in 

 Europe. It first plaved an important part in 

 the franco-German War, every nation sending 

 its contingent of ambulances, surgeons, etc. In 

 the Spanish-American War the Cuban Central 

 Relief Committee used the Red Cross Society 

 as an agency in the distribution of relief. 



Georgia. Named after King George II. 

 of England. Georgia was the latest settled of 

 the thirteen colonies, which first formed the 

 United States. The country was originally 

 included in the charter of Carolina. In 1732 

 the territory was granted to a corporation, 

 which sent out the first colony under Sir James 

 Oglethorpe the same year. In 17:w Savannah 

 was founded. General Oglethorpe commanded 

 the forces of Carolina and Georgia in the 

 unsuccessful expedition against St. Augustine 

 in 1739. In 1752. Georgia became a royal 

 government under regulations similar to tho> 

 of the other colonies. During the Revolution 

 Georgia was overrun by the British, and 

 Savannah captured in 1778. The Constitution 

 of the United Stat.- \\ :l s ratified January 2, 

 1788. The State seceded January !.. 1861. 

 The principal military events u.-n- thus*- about 

 Atlanta, resulting in its evacuation, and Sher- 

 man's March to the Sea. all in iNil. Georgia 

 was formally readmitted to the Union July 1">. 

 1870. An Internal ional Cotton Kxpo-itioji uas 

 held at Atlanta in ISM. win. 



impulse to that industry in tin- >outh 1 he 

 State enacted a law in prohibition of the liquor 

 traffic in 1907. 



Germany. After the gradual retirement 

 of the Romans from < lermany the country 

 became divided into jx-tty states ami ^ 

 ments, where the influence of I 

 made apparent on both H.I. - -i the Rhine, 

 asserting supremacy over the \\lmlr oi the west 

 Charlemagne, extending his con- 

 quests frotn the North Sea to the Alps, and 

 trom the kl.ine to Hungary, laid the foundation 

 of that long line of >"d king- who 



on-Upied I' t'T \ip\\ 



iction. in '.! I. 'i the 



Carlovmirian d\ nasty, the arrhbishops. 1 

 and abbots ;ir routed to themselves the right 

 of elect mg their sovereign, "ho could n-' 



CVer,as.sumr the m.JH-r.al title till hr was Cl 



