HISTORY 



119 



Theresa did much for the improvement of Hun- 

 gary by the promulgation of the rural code called 

 Urbarium, and by the formation of village 

 schools. On the advent of the French revolu- 

 tion, and during the wars which ensued, the 

 Hungarians once more played a prominent part 

 in .support of the Habsburg Crown. Napoleon 

 fell, but the revolution had given an impetus to 

 s of national and popular rights which the 

 Hungarians, long stifled under the Germanic 

 traditions and tendencies of their rulers, were 

 amongst the first to feel. For a time Francis I. 

 and Metternich stood stiffly out against all 

 concessions, and tried to govern by pure abso- 

 lutism, but ended by summoning in 1825 a new 

 dirt. The diet distinguished itself by adopting 

 the Mairyar language in its debates instead of 

 the Latin to which it had been accustomed. 

 Succeeding diets in 1830 and 1832 made new 

 demands in the direction of religious equality, 

 a popular suffrage, and abrogation of the privi- 

 of the nobles. The Austrian Government 

 attempted to repress the Hungarian national 

 movement by imprisoning Dedk, Kossuth, and 

 others of the leaders. The struggle continued 

 till 1848, when the French Revolution of that 

 vcar gave the impulse for a similar rising in 

 Vienna. Prince Metternich fled to London, and 

 the Viennese court made a formal concession of 

 all important demands; but these had no sooner 

 been granted than the government began secretly 

 to work against their being put in operation. 

 The dependencies of the Hungarian Crown, the \ 

 Croats and the Wallachiansof Transylvania, were j 

 privately encouraged to revolt, and in December i 

 of the same year an Austrian army took the 

 field with the avowed object of annihilating the 

 independence of Hungary; but a series of 

 pitched battles resulted on the whole so much 

 in favor of the Hungarians that Austria was, 

 obliged to call in the aid of Russia, which was 

 at once granted. After a heroic M niggle the 

 Hungarians had to succumb. The nation was 

 reduced to the position of a province, and some 

 of thegreate-t Mat* --men and soldiers of Hungary 

 lied on the scaffold. But the struggle was 

 continued \>y the Hungarians in the form of a, 

 itutional agitation, and at last, when the 

 b.'ittlc of Sadoua. in 1866, separated Austria 

 from Germany. Austria, left face to face with a 

 nation almost as powerful ami numerous as 



felt compelled to submit. In 1867 a 

 i tut ion an<l administration for 



y was decreed, and on June .Sth the 

 emperor and empn ; were ciouncd king and 

 qut-cii of Hungary with the utmost pomp, ac- 

 conliri^ to the ancient ceremonies of a Ilunga- 



ronation. The <luali m of the Au-lnaii 

 Empire was thus finally constituted. It was 

 iudei-d hut the partial recognition of the fact 



e empire vrai -\ h. 1. 1. .-rneous assemblage 

 itiiunities differing widely in ra 

 guage, social habits and customs, and bound 

 together only hy the accident of having fallen 



i Hahsburg. 



1 1 1 ins. The name given to several nomadic 

 Scythian tril>es. which devastated the 1 

 Empire in th.- Fifth Century. They inhabited 

 in> of Tartar}', near the b<> 

 centuries before the Chi 



and they were known to the Chinese by the name 

 of Hiongun, and also Han. It was m order to 



Bat a stop to the continual aggressions of the 

 uns that the great wall of China was built; 

 and after this the Huns split up into two sepa- 

 rate nations, named respectively the Northern 

 and the Southern Huns. The first-mentioned 

 of these gradually went we>t to the Volga, 

 where they encountered the Alanni, whom they 

 defeated. Here the Huns remained for about 

 two centuries; but, under the Emperor Valens, 

 they crossed the Bosphorus; afterward invading 

 Rome, under their leader Attila. After the 

 deatli of Attila the Huns broke up into separate 

 tribes, and were driven bank by the Goths 

 beyond the Tanais. The HungaVians of the 

 present day are the descendants of Huns, who 

 once more immigrated into Europe. 



Hussites (fe'7/z). The followers of John 

 Huss (7. v.), who avenged his death l>y one of 

 the fiercest and most sanguinary civil wars ever 

 known. They took the field under Xi>ka. 1 118. 

 gained the battle of Prague, July 11.1 1:20, and 

 nearly annihilated the Imperialists at Deutschs- 

 brod, January 8, 1422. After occupying the 

 whole of Bohemia and Moravia, they threatened 

 Vienna, and in 1426 gained the victories of 

 Aussig and Mies. The Emperor Sigismund was 

 at length too glad to come to terms with the 

 Hussites, and the Treaty of Iglau. in M.'iti. ter- 

 minated hostilities between Catholic and Prot- 

 estant for the time being. 



Hyksos, The, or Shepherd Kings of Lower 

 Egypt. A race of Arabs which invaded ancient 

 Egypt, and continued dominant, according to 

 Mangtho, for 500 years, but according to others 

 about half that time (B. ('. IML'-l.V.M ). They 

 formed or were contemporary with the Fifteenth, 

 Sixteenth, and Seventeenth Dynasties of 1'pjK.T 

 Egypt. Am6sis drove them out and established 

 the Eighteenth Dynasty in Thet:., 

 porary with the Nineteenth and Twentieth. 

 They were driven from the Thrhais by Tot- 

 mpsis or Thotmosis. hut continued to hold cer- 

 tain cantons of Egypt loni: afterwards. It is 

 supposed that Abraham went to Egypt in B. C. 

 lM)(i. while the Sixteenth Dyna-ty was regnant; 

 and that Joseph was \ieeroy alout B. ('. 1713, 

 in the same dynasty. 



Idaho. The region within the pre^Mit lim- 

 its of the State was included in the Louisiana 

 Purchase of 1803. Idaho \\a- included tir-t in 

 Oregon and subsequently in \\ashington. The 

 first settlement of ooDMqilMMi 8 Coeur 



d'Alene Minion, which was established in 1MJ. 

 The permanent settlement of the territory did 

 not begin until the dix-ovrry of gold in 1860. 

 Idaho was created a Territory l>y an 

 Congress March .'i. ISM. and then em 



ent M:ite .f Montana and nearly all of 

 Wyoming. It was admitted to statehood July 

 :*, 1X90. 



Illinois. The name i derived from that 

 ! of an Indian tril.e. Illini. sigmiving su|>enor 

 men. I irst explored in !'> I'V luUPqueUa, and 

 ' ' 



in 1079 by La Salle. l-'n-nrh 'MM tlements 

 formed at" ( Vcvec.eur. Ka 

 in 1682. \Yiih the 



: r.-nch dominion ca*t of the 

 sippi l.ccamc linghvh. In 17S.'i Illinois was 



