l.VI 



Till STANDARD DICTIONAB* 0] I \< i> 



meant " long debated 



war- U-twet-n 1 when. 



in opposition to it. ill. claimed the 



throne !i; ' 1 "t" 



Philip of Yalois. It has been recognised m all 

 countries of which the crown has devoh 

 a manlier of the blood-royal of 1 ': 



ions of Don 



It was o! 



with reference to the great h had been 



grant* ad, by P 



appanage; and henct < harles 



the Bold of i male heir, that 



[land Koman 



troops under Agricola, who point rated to the 

 the Gran 



ward exposed to the ravages of the Norv.- 

 iiy bloody battlt 



maintained 



with the kings of Kn-rland Bruce, how- 



dence of the country 



6 battle 



of Bannoekburn yi 1314. He .led by 



his nephew, Rolx-rt Stewart, and he by his eldest 



weak j.rince, and 



the government was sei/ed by the Duke of 



.o stoned to death the eldest son of 



- -econd -on. to escape a 



Kimilar ranee: in the year 1-ll.M lie 



! -land, and havin.jr excited the 



jealou- Mihility. he was assassinated in 



a monastery near Perth. .lames II.. his son, an 



led him in 1-137. He was 



by the bursting of a cannon at the siege 



of the castle of Roxburgh. .lam*-- III. ascended 



the throne at the age of -even years. His reign 



was weak and inglorious, and he was murdered 



in the house of a miller, whither lie had fled for 



protec 1 :ies IV., a irenerous and brave 



. began his reign in 1 INN. He was -lain 



le of Flodden. James V.. an infant 



of less than two years of ape, succeeded to the 



crown. He died in 1 \\assucceededby 



his daughter, the celebrated Queen Mary. She 



was succeeded b James, who, in Kin:;. 



ascend' '',i:land, vacant by the 



death of Queen Kli/abeth, when the two 'king- 

 doms were unr <>\\t- great monarchy 

 .lively united in 1707. At the 

 mt the political system of 

 rid was ahno-t entirely incorporated with 

 that 01 



r t of Sessions is the Supreme Civil 



I he Court of Jii>iiei. 



rompo-ed only of judi:e- of I he 



ij.reme in the highest sense, 



'riminal ca-es are not SUb- 



The principal subordinate 



tones are sheriff c -abli>hed in 



each county or stewartry. Sheriff-substitutes, 



or judges oi MC or more holding separate 



courts in difTerents .i . ride in the first 



' to the review of the principal 



-hcriff or sheriff depute, who-e decision-, though 



final within the limr jurixlicti- 



reviewable Besides 



riff court, each county or district of a 



enmity has its justice of peace courts in which 



judges decide on principles of equity in minor 

 ; and in every town of any importance 

 .lie. dean, or guild, and police courts, 

 with limited jurisdictions. 



>>\rn Years' War, The (1756-63), 

 was the third, last, and most terrible of the con- 

 te-ts between Frederick the Great of Prussia 

 and Maria Theresa (with the other powers of 

 on one >ide or the other) for the pos- 

 M ion of Silesia. In 1763 Maria Theresa, 

 sorely against her will, was finally compelled to 

 conclude the peace of Hubertsburg,, which 

 acknowledged Frederick as Lord of Silesia. This 

 long and desperate conflict made no change in 

 the territorial distribution of Europe, but it 

 increased tenfold the moral power of Prussia, 

 and gave its army a prestige which it retained 

 till the battle of Jean. It cost Europe !,()()( Minn 

 lives, and prostrated the strength of almost all 

 the powers who had engaged in it. 



Shays' Rebellion. At the close of 

 the Revolution, the United States were burdened 

 with a very heavy foreign and domestic debt. 

 They were impoverished by the long war, and it 

 was' difficult to raise the means to meet the 

 arrears of pay due the soldiers of the Revolution. 

 On the recommendation of Congress, each State 

 endeavored to provide means for raising its 

 quota by a direct tax. This effort produced 

 much excitement in some of the States, and, 

 finally, in 1787, a portion of the people of Massa- 

 chusetts openly rebelled. Daniel Shays, who 

 had been a captain in the Continental Army, 

 marched at the head of a thousand men, took 

 possession of Worcester, and prevented a ses- 

 sion of the Supreme Court. He repeated his 

 performance at Springfield ; and the insurrection 

 soon became so formidable that the governor 

 was compelled to call out several thousand 

 militia under General Lincoln, to suppress it. 

 This was speedily accomplished. Though some 

 of the insurgents were sentenced to death, none 

 were executed. A free pardon was finally given 

 to all. 



Sicilies, The Two, a former kingdom of 

 Italv, consisting of Naples (or South Italy) and 

 Sicily. In 1047, while Greeks and Saracens 

 were struggling for the possession of Lower Italy 

 and Sicily the twelve sons of Tancred de Haute- 

 ville, a count in Lower Normandy, came in with 

 their followers. Robert Guiscard, one of these 

 brothers, subdued Apulia and Calabria, taking 

 the title of duke, and his youngest brother, 

 Count Roger, conquered Sicily. Roger's son 

 and successor, Roger II., completed the conquest 

 of all Lower Italy by subduing Capua, Amalfi, 

 and Naples, at that time celebratecf commercial 

 republics, and in 1130 took the title of king, 

 calling his kingdom the Kingdom of the Two 

 Sicilies. In 1759, when Charles IV. ascended 

 the Spanish throne under the name of Charles 

 III., ne conferred the Kingdom of the Two 

 Sicilies on his third son Ferdinand, and decreed 

 at the same time that it should never again be 

 united to the-Spanish Monarchy. The reign of 

 Ferdinand extended through the stormy period 

 of the French Revolution and the subsequent 

 European commotions. A varied experience 

 followed, during which the country was succes- 

 sively subject to Germany, France, and Spain. 



