HISTORY 



159 



di-h king, was the beginning of a long series of loyal affections of every section of the united 

 troubles. In 1389, the throne was offered by nations of Sweden and Norway down to 1903. 

 the Swedish nobles to Margaret, Queen of Den- In that year serious difficulty arose between 

 mark and Norway, who threw an army into Norway and Sweden, owing to the desire of the 



len, defeated the Swedish king, Albert of former for autonomous government. In 1905 

 Mecklenburg, and by the union of Calmar, in the two nations separated, and Oscar II. con- 

 7. brougnt Sweden under one joint scepter tinued monarch of Sweden until his abdication 

 with Denmark and Norway. In 1523, Sweden and death December 8, 1907, when he was 

 emancipated itself from the union with Denmark, succeeded by his oldest son, Gustave V. 

 which had become hateful to the Swedes, and Switzerland was in Roman times inhab- 

 rewarded its deliverer, the young Gustaf Vasa, ited by two races the Helvetii, supposed to 

 by electing him king, and declaring its independ- have been Celts, on the northwest, and the 

 ence of Denmark. Gustaf Vasa, on his death. Kluetians on the southeast. After the conquest 

 in 1560, left to his successor an hereditary and of Gaul both races adopted the language and 

 well-organized kingdom, a full exchequer, a habits of Rome. When the invasions took place 

 -landing army, and a well-appointed navy. } the Burgundians settled in Western Switzerland, 



mund, grandson of Vasa, who had been while the Alemanni, another Germanic tribe, 

 elected king of Poland through the influence of took possession of the country east of the River 

 his Polish mother, was compelled to resign the j Aar. A third Teutonic people, the Goths, en- 

 throne in 1599 to his uncle Karl. The deposition tered the country from Italy and took possession 



u'ismund gave rise to the Swedo-Pohsh War of the country of the Rhsetians. The Helvetii 



iccession,from 1604-60; and on the death of i retained their old pagan creed until the Seventh 

 Karl, in 1611, his son, the great Gustayus Adol- | Century, when they were converted by Irish 

 phus, found himself involved in hostilities with monks. During the Eleventh and Twelfth Cen- 

 Russia, , Poland, and Denmark. The young turies the greater part of Switzerland was ruled 

 king soon concluded treaties of peace with his I on behalf of the emperors by the lords of Zahr- 

 northern neighbors, and placed the internal I ingen, who, however, became extinct in 1218. 

 affairs of his kingdom in order, and, although he In 1273, Rudolf of Habsburg, a Swiss nobleman, 



ranks as one of the greatest military commanders 

 of his age, the extraordinary number of benefits 

 which he conferred on every department of the 

 administrative system of Sweden entitle him to 

 still greater renown as the benefactor of his 

 native country. The reign of Christina was 



became emperor. Schwyz, Uri, and Unter- 

 walten, with Lucerne, Zurich, Glarus, Zug, and 

 Berne, eight cantons in all, in 1352, entered into 

 a perpetual league which was the foundation of 

 the Swiss Confederation. In 1415 the people of 

 the cantons invaded Aargau and Thurgau, parts 



disastrous. Karl X. was occupied in generally of the Austrian territory, and annexed them: 

 unsuccessful wars against Poland and Denmark; three years later they crossed t^ie Alps, and 

 while the long rule of his son, Karl XI. from annexed Ticino, and constituted all three sub- 

 1660-^97 was characterized by success abroad j ject states. In 1481 the towns of Freiburg and 

 and in the augmentation of the regal power, Soleure were admitted into the confederacy, 

 which was declared by Charles XII. In 1697, ! Basel and Schaffhausen (1501) and Appenzell 

 the male line of the Vasas expired, and his sister 1 (1513) were next received into the confedera- 

 and her husband, Frederick of Hesse-Cassel, j tion, and its true independence began, \\.\r 

 were called to the throne by election. The j broke out in 1531 between the Catholics and 



k Adolphus Frederick of Holstein-Gottorp, Protestants, and the former were sueeewi'ul. 

 who was called to the throne on the death of During the Thirty Years' \\ar Berne and Zurich 



it-rick in 1751, did little to retrieve the evil ! contrived to maintain the neutrality of SwiUer- 

 tort unes of the state; but his son, Gustavus III., land, and in the Treaty of Westphalia, in 1648, 



':>). skillfully recovered the lost power 

 of the Crown. Gustavus IV. was forcibly de- 

 posed in 1809, and obliged to renounce the 



it was acknowledged by the great powers as a 

 separate and independent state. In 1798, Swit- 

 zerland wai ntsea l>\ the l-Venrh. At the peace 



n in favor of his uncle, Charles XIII. The of 1M5 its independence wasagain acknowledged. 



dominant party in Sweden elected General In 1M7. the.IeMiit- \\ -re \(>elled and the monas- 

 iadotte to the rank of crown-prince, the I tenet were suppressed. An attempt was made 



I itter assumed the reins of government, and l.\ diplomatic notes to intimidate the S\\ivs 



1-y his steady support of tin- allies against the Government, l>ul the revolution of 1S48 broke 



iMperor secured to Sweden, at the Con- out mid prevented further interference. In the 

 gress of Vienna, the possession of Norway, 'same year the radical party carried the con-h 



i that country was separated from Denmark, tut ion" of IMS. After a rebellion .iirainst the 



I nder the administration of Bernadotte, who King of Prussia, as Prince of Neufchatel. the 



in 1H18 succeeded to the throne as Charl. \l\ oantOfl was declared a republic, with a rontitu- 



Mted kingdoms of Sweden and Norway not, similar to that of the other Swiss states. 

 !* great advances in material prosperity. Tarpelan Rock (Mr-/>r' yan). a i>r. 



;n political and intellectual progress; .-md itouH rock forming part of the Capitoluu Hill at 



ugh the nation at lari:* 1 entertained very 

 personal regard for tin-it- .dim sovereign, 

 >n and < >scar (1844-59), and his 



grandsons, the late kinir. Charles XV., and the 



Home over which persons convicted of treason 

 to the state wen- hurled. It was so named. 



according to tradition, from Tarpcia, n 

 virgin of Home, and d -f tne governor of 



late kinj:. Oscai II.. who came to the lhnne tin- citadel on the Capitoline. who. covetous of 



. identified tl.- vith their sub- the golden bracelets worn by the Sabine soldi 



that the Bernadotte Dynasty secured the I opened the gate to them on the promise of re 



