HISTORY 



161 



Sabine River was finally established as the Texan 

 boundary. The revolutionary spirit, which 

 made Texas a region of turmoil, did not cease 

 when Mexico became independent under the 

 leadership of Iturbide. Invasions from the 

 United States continued, and, though several 

 peaceable and thrifty American colonies had 

 been planted, the dictator Hustamante. in 1830, 

 forbade the people of the United States from 

 further immigration. The long bitterness be- 

 tween the two races culminated in 1835, and the 

 Americans in the province, after righting several 

 engagements, organized a provisional govern- 

 ment, with Sam Houston as Commander-hvChief 

 nf the Texan forces. A series of sanguinary 

 battles ensued between the Mexican troops 

 under (ieneral Santa Ana and the Texan revo- 

 lutionists, and the atrocities of the Mexicans 

 awakened deep sympathy for the Texans. 

 The issue of the contest was practically settled 

 with the battle of San Jacinto, April 21, 1836, 

 when Santa Ana was taken prisoner. General 

 Houston was elected president of the Texan 

 Republic the same year, and in March, 1837, the 

 I" ni ted States formally recognized the new gov- 

 ernment. Intermittent hostilities continued be- 

 tween Mexico and Texas, which, in 1839-'40. 

 hail been recognized by the leading European 

 governments; but the threats of the former 

 nation to subjugate the Texans was rendered 

 negative by her own weakness and the growing 

 power of the young State. The annexation of 

 Texas to the United States, which led to the 

 Mexican War, occurred by her admittance as a 

 State in 1845, the fifteenth under the Constitu- 

 tion. After the election of Abraham Lincoln the 

 State seceded, February 23, 1861, by force of a 

 popular vote, ratifying the ordinance of the con- 

 vent ion called for that purpose. General Twiggs, 

 00 February 18th. surrendered to the State au- 

 thorities all the United States posts, troops, and 

 munitions of war in the department. No very im- 

 portant military operations occurred within the 

 State limits during the war. The last fight of 

 the war took place in Texas, end inn in a I 



on May 13. 1865, and General Kirby 

 Smith surrendered the last Confederate army 

 here on May Jtith. Texas was readmitted to 

 her full rights in the Union. March 30, 1870. A 

 jx-riod of lawlessness existed in the State for a 

 number of years, but was finally suppress ed by 

 the Texas Rangers in 1879. A storm and tidal 

 wave destroyed Gal veston in 1900. In the next 

 year vast oil field- \\en- discovered near Beau- 

 i 'olon-d I "nited States soldiers engaged in 

 a riot at Brownsville in I'.HI.",. and were dismissed 



" by the President. 



'I'll* b'N The principal city of 



Beotia, seated on ih. tenua Its fame 



was great in legendary (ireece; it was built by 

 Cadmus; Amphion rra red it- wall- the Sphinx. 

 is, and the fatal combat of Eteocles and 

 Polvnices, figured in it- rtOiy. It played a 

 subordinate part in the hMorv of dreere, until 

 the tin <>ndas. wlien by his genius 



it was raised to the hr-t rank among the states 

 <-t Ib-llas. P.ut it fell with his death. :iid never 

 recovered from the destructive sieire by Alex- 

 ander the Gnat, in :<:; P.. C, 



on the Nile, called \ in the ( i] 'it. and 



in the Iliad celebrated for its 100 gates, and its 

 vast military forces. Amun, or Ammon, was 

 especially worshiped there. Among its ruins 

 are the magnificent temples of Luxor and Kar- 

 nak, on the east bank of the Nile. 



Thermopylae, a celebrated pass of 

 Ancient Greece, leading from Thessaly into 

 Locris, between Northern and Southern Greece. 

 It lay between Mount (Eta (celebrated mytho- 

 logically as the mountain on which Hercules 

 burnt himself to death) and a morass which 

 fringed the Malic or Maliac Gulf; both the east- 



| ern and the western entrance to the pass approach- 

 ing so close to the morass as to leave room for 

 only a single carriage. In this pass, Leonidas, 

 King of Sparta, was appointed to oppose the 

 invading armies of Xerxes (480 B. C.). These 

 were driven back with immense slaughter, in 

 their repeated attempts to force the pass; till 

 at last Kphialtes, a Malain, guided a body of 

 I'- rsians over the mountain, and thus enabled 

 them to fall on the rear of the Greeks, who were 



1 all slain (Leonidas included), with the exception 

 of one man. The pass derived its name from the 

 hot springs, sacred to Hercules, by which it was 

 distinguished. 



Thirt > T> rants of Rome. The collect- 

 ive title given to a set of military usuqxrs who 

 sprung up in different parts ( ,f the empire during 

 the fifteen years (253-268 A. D.) occupied by 

 the reigns of Valerian and Ciallienus, and. amid 

 the wretched confusion of the time, endeavored 

 to establish themselves as independent pri: 

 The name is borrowed from the Thirty Tyrants 

 of Athens, but. in reality, historians' can only 

 reckon nineteen: Cyriades. Maerianus Ha. 

 Odenathus. and Xenobia. in the Ka-t ; Po-tumus. 

 Lollianus. Yietorinus and his mother Victoria, 

 Mariu<. and Tetricus. in the We-t ; Ingenuus 

 Regillianus. and Aureolus in Illyricum and the 

 countries about the Danube; Saturninu*. in 

 Pontus; Trebellianus in K-iuria: Pi-o. in 1 

 saly: Yalens. in Acha-a; /Kmilianus in Kgypt ; 

 and Celsiis. in Africa. 



Thirty Years' War (1618 to 1648), a 

 war in Germany, at first a struggle betv 

 Roman Catholics and Protestants, Subse- 

 quently it became a struggle for pol it ical a-Mend- 

 ency in Kurope. On the one side were Au-tna. 

 nearly all the Roman Catholic princes of 

 many, and Spain; on the other side 

 different times, the Protestant powers and 

 1 ranee. Tin- occasion of this war was found 

 in the fact that Germany had been detracted 

 ever since the Reformation by the mutual 

 ousy of Catholics. Lutherans, and Calvii. 

 Certain concessions had been made to the Prot- 

 : Bohemia by Rudolph II. 1i.". Hit 



hdrawn by his successor Mai; 



in Hi I I. and four years afterward the Bohemian 



Protestants were in rebellion. Count Thurn at 



the head of the insurgents repeatedly muted the 



elling them to retire from 



lloheni ii.l'.h invaded the archduchy 



ria. Matthias having died in Hil.. lie 



rdinand 11.. who was a 



rigid Catholic, but the Protestants elected aa 



their king, In-derid. who 



was a 1' ! BfOTl ' mediation having 



failed, the Catholic forces of ( lermanv II; 



