162 



THi: sr \.\DAK1) DICTIONARY OF I 



..Frederick, who. with an army of Bohemi- Suabia and Bavaria. The combined forces of 

 Moravians, and Hungarians, kept the field Sweden. Bavaria, and France were then about to 

 till November 8 1> \\a> totally advance on Austria, when the news reached the 



armies that the peace of Westphalia (1648) was 

 concluded, and that the long struggle was ended. 

 Ticonderoga, a village in^Essex County, 

 X. V., on Lake Champlain. Ticonderoga fig- 

 ured prominently during the colonial and revo- 



1 T 1 *T P A l_ T^ l_ * 1 



routed at Weissenberg, near Prague, by Duke 

 Maximilian of Bavaria. The Protestant cause 

 was now crushed in Bohemia, and the |>eople of 

 that province were much embittered. The 

 dominions of Frederick, the Palatinate of the 



included vjjonquered, the latter lutionary periods. In 



being occupied ' 

 Sp.iii:ar 1- under 



1755 the French erected 

 a fort here and named it Carrillon. Two years 



Count Tilly, assisted by the ; a fort here and named it Carrillon. Two years 

 inola. At the Diet of Katis- ; later Montcalm started from this place with 

 boo (March 1623) Frederick was deprive. 1 of '.. 000 men and captured Fort William Henry on 



^' 



his territories. Duke Maximilian receiving the 

 Palatinate. Ferdinand, whose succession to the 

 throne of Bohemia was thus secured, sought for- 

 eign assistance, and a new period of war began. 

 Christian IV. of Denmark, induced partly by 

 religious zeal and partly by the hope of an ac- 

 quisition of territory, came to the aid of his 

 German co-religionists (1624), and being joined 



Lake George. In 1758 General Abercrombie 

 endeavored to take the French fort, and was 

 repulsed after losing 2,000 men; but in 17."> ( .) it 

 fell into the hands of General Amherst together 

 with Crown Point. Both were then enlarged 

 and strengthened at a heavy expense. In 177."> 

 the works were taken by Ethan Allen while 

 weakly garrisoned. Two years later the fort 



German co- religionists ( loz-J ), ana oemg joined weaKiy garrisoned, iwo years later uie 

 by Mansfeld and Christian of Brunswick, advanced I surrendered to General Burgoyne, and after 

 into lower Saxony. There they were met by | being dismantled was abandoned. 

 WaUenstein, Duke of Friedland, who in 1626 j Tiers Etat (te-arz a-tah'}. [Fr., the third 

 defeated Mansfeld at Dessau, while Tilly was also estate.] This term was universally applied in 

 successful in driving Christian back to Denmark. France to the mass of the people under the old 

 In the peace of Lubeck which followed (May, regime. Before the cities rose to wealth and 

 1629), Christian of Denmark received back all influence, the nobility and clergy possessed the 

 his occupied territory, and undertook not to ' property of almost the whole country, and the 

 meddle again in German affairs. After this sec- people were subject to the most degrading hu- 

 ond success, Ferdinand again roused his people miliations. But as trade and commerce began 

 by an edict which required restitution to the to render men independent, and they were able 

 Roman Catholic Church of all church lands and to shake off their feudal bonds, the Tiers Etat 

 property acquired by them since 1552. ! gradually rose into importance; and at length 



To the assistance of the Protestants of Germany the third estate, during the Revolution, may be 

 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, who said to have become the nation itself. 



Tilsit, a town of Germany, in the Prussian 

 province of East Prussia, on the river Niemen, 



landed (1630) with a small army on the coast of 

 Pomerania. Joined by numerous volunteers 



led by French money, he advanced, and j about sixty miles northeast of Konigsberg. It 

 routed Tilly at Breitenfeld (or the battle of ! is celebrated for the Peace concluded in the 

 Leipsic, September, 1631), victoriously trav- I town, in 1807, between the Emperor Napoleon, 

 ersed the Main and the Rhine valleys, defeated the Emperor of Russia, and the King of Prussia. 

 Tilly again near the confluence of the Lech and ! The three monarchs met on a raft moored in the 

 the Danube (April, 1632), and entered Munich, river. The population of the town in 1890 was 

 Meanwhile the emperor sought the aid of Wai- 23,700. 



lenstein, by whose ability and energy Gustavus j Toleration, Act of, an Act of Parlia- 

 i obliged to retire to Saxony, where he gained i ment passed in the reign of William and Mary 



the great victory of Lutzen (November, 1632), 

 but was himself mortally wounded in the battle. 

 The war was now carried on by the Swedes under 



(1689), and confirmed by Anne, relieving all 

 persons who dissented from the Church of Eng- 

 land (except Roman Catholics and persons who 



the chancellor Oxenstierna, till the rout of the j denied the doctrines of the Trinity) from many 

 Swedish forces at Nordlingen (September, 1634) of the disabilities under which they had been 

 again gave to the emperor the preponderating placed by the acts of former reigns. By the 

 power in Germany. The Elector of Saxony, Act of Toleration, such persons were to be no 

 who had been an ally of Gustavus, now made longer prevented from assembling for religious 

 peace at Prague (May, 1635), and within a few worship according to their own forms, but they 

 months the treaty was accepted by many of the were to be required to take the oaths of allegiance 

 German princes. The Swedes, however, thought and supremacy, and to subscribe a declaration 

 it to their interest to continue the war, while ' against transubstantiation ; and Dissenting min- 

 France resolved to take a more active part in the isters were to be also required to subscribe to cer- 

 conflict. Thus the last stage of the war was a I tain of the Thirty-nine Articles. The benefits of 

 contest of France and Sweden against Austria, ! the Act were subsequently (in 1813) extended to 

 in which the Swedish generals gained various persons who deny the doctrine of the Trinity. 

 successes over the imperial forces, while the Most of the remaining disabilities of Nonconform- 

 French armies fought with varied fortunes in ists have been removed by later legislation ; and 

 West Germany and on the Rhine. Meanwhile the disabilities of the Roman Catholics (which 

 the emperor had died (1637), and had been sue- were continued by the Act of Toleration) were 

 : by his son, Ferdinand III. The struggle repealed in 1829 by the passing of the Catholic 

 still continued till, in 1646, the united armies of Emancipation Act. 



the French under the great generals Turenne | Toltecs, a Mexican race who are supposed 

 and Conde, and the Swedes advanced through to have been supreme in Central America from 



