HISTORY 



163 



the Seventh to the Eleventh Centuries. They 

 were completely obliterated by the Aztecs and 

 1. /cucans, who held the country when the 

 Spaniards first landed. The latter races were of 

 a martial spirit, but they were indebted for their 

 their civilization, and their religion to their 

 milder predecessors. The Toltecs present striking 

 analogies to the Etruscans, and in a less degree to ', 

 the Egyptians and Assyrians. They were great 

 builders, and their religion was a mystic system , 

 of great complexity, intimately connected with . 



-tudy of astronomy, and interpreted by a 



hood, who formed an exclusive caste. 

 Tory, a political party name of Irish origin, ' 

 first u.M'd in England about 1679, applied origin- 

 ally to Irish Revolutionary Catholic outlaws, and 

 then generally to those who refused to concur in I 



scheme to exclude James II. from the throne, j 

 The nickname, like its contemporaneous oppo- 



\Vhig, in coming into popular use became 

 much less >trict in its application, till at last it 

 simply to signify an adherent of that politi- 

 cal party in the state who disapproved of change 

 in the ancient constitution, and who supported 

 the claims and authority of the king, church, 

 and aristocracy, while their opponents, the Whigs 

 were in favor of more or less radical changes, and 

 supported the claims of the democracy. In 

 modern times the term has to some extent been 

 supplanted by Conservative. 



Tournament, or Tourney, a common 

 sport of the middle ages, in which parties of 

 mounted knights encountered each other^ with 

 lances and swords in order to display their skill 

 in arms. Tournaments reached their full per- 

 fection in France in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries 

 where they first received the form under which 

 they are known to us. They were introduced 

 into England soon after the Conquest by the i 

 Normans. Jousts were single combats between \ 



knights, and at a tournament there would 

 often be a number of jousts as well as combats 

 1 ) t ween parties of knights. The place of combat 

 was the lists, a large open place surrounded by 

 ropes or a railing. Galleries were erected for 

 the spectators, among whom were seated the! 

 lalie^. the supreme judges of the tournaments, j 

 A knijrht taking part in a tournament generally j 

 earned some device emblematic of a ladysj 



p. Tournaments gradually went out with 

 the decline of chivalry, and are rare, except in 

 America, where they are a form of sport. 



To\\-r of London. The most ancient, 

 and historically the most interesting pile in the 

 Knirlish metropolis; a mass of buildings on the 

 north .-i-li- of the Thames, immediately to the 

 east of the ancient city walls, its ramparts and 

 gates surrounded by a dry ditch in pentagonal 

 shape; in outer circuit measuring 1,050 yards. 

 Within this the whole of the buildings are 



1 by a double line of walls and bulwark ^ 



me places forty feet high and twelve- 

 thick; the space between the wall* beta* known 

 as the outer ward, ami the interior as the inner 

 ward. The inner ward was formerly the royal 



: fer. The outer ward was the folk's quarter 

 The inner ward is defended by twelve mn- 



picuous towers, stationed at unequal 



and possessing distinctive name- 



and formations. In the center, rearing its heal 



proudly above them all, stands the main quad- 

 rangular building and great Norman keep, 

 known as the White Tower. To the north are 

 the barracks, and to the northwest the Church 

 of St. Peter and Vincula. The entrance to the 

 buildings is on the west side by the Lion's Gate. 



For centuries the tower was a palace, a prison, 

 a fortress, and a court of law. Here the Plan- 

 taeenet kings held their gay tournaments, mag- 

 nificent revels, and pompous religious cere- 

 monials. Here also tragedy succeeded tragedy, 

 and the innocent blood of many of England's 

 bravest and most beautiful poured forth in a 

 cruel stream. Wise statesmen, fair queens, 

 child princes, noble warriors, and priests were 

 slain, their only crimes, in many cases, being 

 their rank, their patriotism, and their faith. 

 "No sadder spot on earth," says Macaulay. 

 of England. . . . "Death is there associ- 

 ated . . . with whatever is darkest in hu- 

 man nature and in human destiny, with the 

 savage triumph of implacable enemies, with 

 the inconstancy, the ingratitude, the cowardice 

 of friends, with all the miseries of fallen great- 

 ness and of blighted fame." 



The tower is now chiefly used as an arsenal, 

 and has a small military garrison of the yeomen 

 of the guard. The governorship is still a post 

 of distinction. 



Treaty, A, in public law, is an agreement 

 of friendship, alliance, commerce, or navigation, 

 entered into between two or more independent 

 states. Treaties have been divided by pub- 

 licists into personal and real, the difference being 

 that the former relate exclusively to the per- 

 sons of the contracting parties e. g., treaties 

 guaranteeing the throne to a particular sovereign 

 and his family, and the latter are treaties for 

 national objects, independent of the rulers of 

 the state. While personal treaties e\pin with 

 the death of the sovereign, or the extinction of 

 his family, real treaties bind the contracting 

 parties independently of any change in the sov- 

 ereignty of the states. The constitution of each 

 particular state must be looked to to determine 

 in whom the power of negotiating and contract 

 ing treaties with foreign powers resides. In 

 monarchies, whether absolute or constitutional. 

 it is usually vested in the sovereign. In repub- 

 lics the chief magistrate, senate, or executive 

 council is intrusted. The Constitution of the 

 United States of America (Article II, Section _M 

 vests it in the President, with the advice and 

 consent of the Senate. No special form of words 

 is necessary for the validity of a treaty; but 

 modern usage requires that an agn 

 which lias originally been verbal should, as soon 

 as possible, be committed to writing. T 

 of alliance may be offensive or defensive: in 

 the former the ally engages to cooperate in hos- 

 tilities against a specified power, or against any 

 A nli which the other may be at war; in 

 the latter, the rim.iir.-mcnts or the ally extend 



only to a war of aggression commenced against 

 the other contracting party. 



I i ration, Coalitions, Conventions, 



and Leagues. The principal treaties of 

 v are the following: 



\,in .,n..pi. -. is*9, AdrianopU iwtored by the Ru- 

 ians to Turkey. 



