166 \PARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



became a hospital for wounded soldiers, a picture garia; but at Angora, in 1402, he was himself 

 gallery, and the home of Louis Napoleon in ( conquered and taken prisoner by Timour. who 

 1851. On May 23, 1871, it was almost totally divided the provinces between the sons of Ba- 

 de*troyed by fire (the work of the comm . Finally, in 1 113, the fourth son of Ba- 

 in ja/et. Mohammed I., seated himself upon the 



ih,- vr.tr l*vv;. undivided throne of Osman. In 1415 his vic- 

 I urklsh, or Ottoman. Kmplre com- torious troops reached Salzburg and invaded 

 ;: ...-., .:: : , : . ! .:;,. W..i and Africa Bavaria. He conquered the Venetians at 

 more or lees un i irkish Thessalonica in 1420; and his celebrated grand- 

 sultan, the immediate vi/.ier Ibrahim created a Turkish navy. Mo- 

 .ce in the Balkan Peninsula, a ria hammed was succeeded by his son, Amurath II., 

 : Bosnia. : iio defeated Ladislaus, King of Hungary and 



guvina in Asia. Asia Poland, at Varna, in 1444. Mohammed II., 



! -opotainia, the son of Amurath, completed the work of 



part 01 a, and others of the islands conquest (1451-81). He attacked Constanti- 



..11:0; in over nople. which was taken May 29, 1453, and the 



re is a nominal BUjerainty, ami the Byzantine Empire came finally to an end. 



Formerly the empire was Since that time the city has been the seat of the 



.in recent times com- Sublime Porte or Turkish Government. Mo- 



prisinj: Rumania. Servia. Bessarabia, hammed added Servia, Bosnia, Albania, and 



-hall here give a brief sketch Greece to the Ottoman Empire, and threatened 



11 Empire, referring to Italy, which, however, was freed from danger 



the article Turkey for information regarding the by his death at Otranto in 1480. His grandson, 

 geography, constitution, etc., of Turkey proper. Selim I., who had dethroned and murdered his 

 Toe Ottoman Turks came originally from father in 1517, conquered Egypt and Syria. 

 the region Itai Mountains, in Central Under Soliman II., the Magnificent, who reigned 

 Asia, and in the Sixth Century A. D., pushed between 1519 and 1566, the Ottoman Empire 

 onwan. -.vest in connection with other reached the highest pitch of power and splen- 

 Turkish tribes. Early in the Eighth Century dor. In 1522 he took Rhodes from the Knights 

 ame in contact* with the Saracens, from of St. John, and by the victory of Mohacz, in 

 whom they took their religion, and of whom 1526, subdued half of Hungary. He exacted a 

 they were first the slaves and mercenaries, and tribute from Moldavia, made Bagdad, Mesopo- 

 finally the successors in the caliphate. In the tamia, and Georgia subject to him, and threat- 

 nth Century they appeared as allies of ened to overrun Germany, but was checked 

 .ukian Turn against the Mongols, and before the walls of Vienna (1529). Soliman 

 ; received a grant of lands from the had as an opponent Charles V. of Germany, 

 St-ljuk sultan of Iconium in Asia Minor. Their as an ally Francis II. of France. From his 

 .man or Osman, of the race of Og- time the race of Osman degenerated and the 

 huziun Turkomans, became the most powerful power of the Porte declined. 

 emir <>'. Q Asia, and after the death of In the latter part of the Sixteenth Century, 

 the Seljuk sultan of Iconium, in the year 1300, and most of the Seventeenth Century, the chief 

 he proclaimed himself sultan. He died in 1326. wars were with Venice and with Austria. The 

 rhus was founded upon the ruins of the Saracen, battle of Lepanto (1571), in which the Ottoman 

 Seljuk, and Mongol jpower the Empire of the fleet was overthrown by the combined fleets 

 Osman or Ottoman Turks in Asia; and after of Venice and Spain, was the first great Ottoman 

 Osman, the courage, policy, and enterprise of reverse at sea ; and the battle of St. Gothard 

 eight great princes, whom the dignity of caliph (1664), near Vienna, in which Montecuculi de- 

 placed in possession of the standard of the feated the Vizier Kiuprili, the first great Otto- 

 Prophet, and who were animated by religious man reverse on land. In 1683 Vienna was be- 

 fanaticism and a passion for military glory, sieged by the Turks, but was relieved by John 

 raised it to the rank of the first military power Sobieski and Charles of Lorraine; in 1687 the 

 in both Europe and Asia (1300-1566). Turks were again defeated at Mohacz, and in 

 The first of them was Orkhan, son of Osman. 1697 (by Prince Eugene), at Szenta. Then fol- 

 He subdued all Asia Minor to the Hellespont, lowed the Treaty of Carlowitz in 1699, by which 

 tie of Padishah, and became son-in- Mustapha II. agreed to renounce his claims 

 law to the Greek Emperor Cantacuzenus. Ork- upon Transylvania and a large part of Hungary, 

 ban's son, Soliman. fir-t invaded Europe in to give up the Morea to the Venetians, to restore 

 1355. He fortified Gallipoli and Sestos, and Podolia and the Ukraine to Poland, and to 

 thereby held possession of the straits which leave Azov to the Russians. Eugene's subse- 

 separate the two continents. In 1360 Orkhan's quent victories at Peterwardein and Belgrade 

 second son and successor, Amurath I., took obliged the Porte to give up, by the Treaty of 

 Adrianople, which became the seat of the Em- i Passarowitz in 1718, Temeswar, Belgrade, with 

 Europe, conquered Macedonia, Albania, a part of Servia and Walachia; but the Turks 

 and Servia, and defeated a great Slav confedera- on the other hand took the Morea from Venice, 



under the Bosnian King Stephen at Kos- 

 in !.{,89. After him Bajazet, surnamed 

 Dderim I.iyhtnina), invaded Thessaly, and also 

 advanced towards Constantinople. In 1396 

 he defeated the Western Christians under Sigis- 



mund, King of Hungary, at Nicopolis, in 



and by the Treaty of Belgrade in 1739 regained 

 Belgrade, Servia, and Little Wallachia, while 

 for a time they also regained Azov. 



Russia, which had been making steady ad- 

 vances under Peter the Great and subsequently, 

 now became the great opponent of Turkey. In 



