

Till: STANDARD DICTIONARY OF 1 A< 'I > 



corresponds to the a: which wa>. 



ter tin- tall of tlu 

 Western I. .76) it passed succt 



lie hands of the Ostrogoths. Byzantine 



Greeks, and Lombards. Charlemagne made 



ninkish pr nd it was ^.verned by 



marauises or dukes until th.- Twelfth and Thir- 



t became broken ut> 



into a number of small republics, four of which 

 ace, Pisa, Siena, and Lneca. From 



ding place. 



:i!i.i it irradually .-xt.-nded it- territory. In 150i) 



I*iu8 I. granted to Cosmo L the title of 



Grand-duke of Tuscany, and this portion was 



retained with i: ebrated 



family, until 1737. when it passed to 



Lorraine. In 1859, 



when under hi int. the (Irand-duke 



Leopold, it was annexed to Sardinia by a popular 



. with Sardinia, part 



aly. 



I niUMi states of America. When 



i by Kuropean-. the country now 

 \itliin the Tinted State.- was exclll- 

 : by the race commonly called 

 .-ding to the Scandi- 

 navian sagas. Leif, a Norwegian, sailed about 

 IIMU from Iceland for Greenland, but was driven 

 southward by storms till he reached a country 

 \ inland, which is supposed to have been 

 Rhode Island or some other part of the coast of 

 New England. In 1497, about five years after 

 .-cover}' of America by Columbus, John 

 Cabot sailed westward frorn^ Bristol, England. 

 .June iMth discovered land (Labrador), 

 vhich he coasted to the southward nearly 

 1,000 milt -. In 1 P.s. his son, Sebastian Cabot, 

 sailed from the same port in search of a north- 

 west passage to China; but finding the ice im- 

 ible, he turned to the south and coasted 

 as far as Chesapeake Bay. In \.~>\'.). the Spaniard 

 Ponce de Leon discovered Florida. In 1539, 

 took place the expedition of the Spaniard De 

 Soto, who. in the course of two years, penetrated 

 overland from Tampa Bay on the west coast of 

 Florida to a point L'UO mi'les beyond the Missis- 

 sippi. In l.~><).~>. the Spaniards founded St. Augus- 

 iirst permanent settlement in the 

 tea. In 1585, an expedition sent by 

 tlter Raleigh made a settlement on Roa- 

 noke Island. N. ('.. which tailed. In 1607, the 

 i founded .Jamestown on James River, 

 i. their fir-t {Kjrmanent settlement. The 

 -pirit of this enterprise was Captain 

 .J>hn Smith. Plymouth, Mass., was founded in 

 1620 by the - Pilgrim fathers of New England," 

 a body of Puritans led by John Carver and 

 others, who sailed from England in the "May- 

 - dem was settled by John Endicott 

 'S. In 1630. John Winthrop settled Bos- 

 ton. In 1692, Plymouth Colony was united to 

 Massachusetts. Portsmouth and Dover in New 

 -ett led in Uii>3. The first per- 

 _'!i-h settlements in Maine were made 

 about the same ti m ,.. These settlements ulti- 

 mately fell under the jurisdiction of Massachu- 

 ifcticnt was colonized in 1635-36 by 

 emigrants from Massachusetts, who settled at 

 :d. Windsor, and Wethersfield. Rhode 

 Island was first settled at Providence in 1636 by 



Roger Williams. In 1623. permanent settle- 

 were made by the Dutch at Fort Orange 

 now Albany) and at New Amsterdam on the 

 pre-ent site of New York. The Swedes settled 

 on the Delaware in 1638, and were expelled in 

 1 1 i:>."i by a Dutch army. The English seized 

 New Amsterdam in 1664, and with it the whole 

 of New Netherland. which they named New 

 York from the Duke of York, to whom it had 

 been granted by Charles II. New Jersey at 

 tin- time acquired its distinctive name. In 

 1681 the territory west of the Delaware was 

 granted to William Penn, who colonized it 

 chiefly with Friends or Quakers, and founded 

 Philadelphia in 1682. Maryland was settled in 

 Itl.'vl by Roman Catholics sent out by Lord 

 Baltimore. The first permanent settlement in 

 North Carolina appears to have been made 

 about 1663, on Albemarle Sound, by emigrant < 

 from Virginia. The first permanent settlement 

 in South Carolina was made in 1670 by colonists 

 from England on the Ashley River, near the 

 -ite of Charleston, which be^an to be settled 

 about the same time. Georgia was settled by 

 ( leneral James Oglethorpe, who, in 1733, founded 

 Savannah. The principal Indian wars were 

 those of 1622 and 1644-46 in Virginia; thePequot 

 War (1636-37) and King Philip's War (1675-76) 

 in New England; that with the Corees and 

 Tuscaroras in 1711, and that with the Yemas- 

 | sees in 1715, in the Carolinas. Toward the 

 close of the Seventeenth Century the Indians 

 on the northern and western frontiers began to 

 receive aid from the French in Canada, who, 

 whenever their mother country was at war with 

 England, carried on hostilities with the English 

 colonies, and frequently, accompanied by their 

 savage allies, made destructive and bloody in- 

 roads into New England and New York. The 

 first conflict with the French, known as King 

 William's War lasted seven years, terminating 

 in 1697. Queen Anne's War (1702-13) was 

 marked by the conquest from the French in 

 1710 of Acadia (Nova Scotia). The principal 

 event of King George's War was the capture 

 1745) of Louisburg, the chief stronghold of the 

 French in America, which was restored to the 

 French at the close of the war (1748). Disputes 

 having arisen with the French on the Ohio, an 

 expedition under Washington, was sent toward 

 that river, which, on May 28, 1754, cut to pieces 

 a French detachment under Jumonville, who 

 was slain. This affair began the long contest 

 known as the French and Indian War. Among 

 its prominent events were Braddock's defeat 

 (1755) near Fort Duquesne, when Washington 

 distinguished himself by covering the retreat; 

 the capture by the French of Oswego (1756) 

 and Fort William Henry, at the head of Lake 

 (leorge (1757); and the taking of Louisburg 

 after a siege of seven weeks by Generals Amherst 

 and Wolfe, and the repulse of an attack on Ti- 

 conderoga made by a powerful army under 

 <',eneral Abercrombie and Lord Howe (1758). 

 The crowning exploit of the war was the taking 

 of Quebec (1759) by an army led by General 

 Wolfe. In 1763, by the Treaty of Paris, Canada 

 and its dependencies were formally ceded to 

 Great Britain. The transfer from the French 

 to the English of the posts between the Great 



