228 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



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To < .1 



ia a book which roisters events under every month; 

 the almanac ia a boo* which registers times, or the divis- 

 of the year; and an ephetneris is a book which 



Call. Cry. Exclaim. Call is used on all ordinary 

 in order to draw a person to a spot, or for any 

 other purpose, when one wishes to be heard; u> 

 call loudly on particular occasions: a call draws attention, 

 a cry awakens alarm. To exclaim is the expression of 

 some particular feeling. 



.ill. Inxitr. Iliil. MI in num. In the act of 

 calling, any sounds may be used; we may call by simply 

 raising the voice: inviting may be a direct or indirect 



may invite by looks or signs as well as by words. 

 by writing as well as by speaking. To bid and summon 

 require the express use of words; the former is always 

 directly addressed to the person, the latter may be con- 

 veyed py an indirect channel. To summon is an act of 

 authority, as to summon witnesses. 



Calm, Composed. Collected. These terms agree 

 in expressing a state; but calm respects the state of the 

 feelings, composed the state of the thoughts and feelings, 

 and collected the state of the thoughts more particu- 

 larly. Calmness is peculiarly requisite in seasons of 

 distress, and amidst scenes of horror: composure, in 

 moments of trial, disorder, and tumult: collectedness 

 in moments of danger. 



Calm, Placid, Serene. Calm and serene are ap- 

 plied to the elements; placid only to the mind. Calm- 

 ness respects only the state of the winds, serenity that 

 of the air and heavens; the weather is calm when it is 

 free from agitation: it is serene when free from noise 

 and vapor. Calm respects the total absence of all per- 

 turbation; placid the ease and contentment of the 

 mind; serene, clearness and composure of the mind. 

 We speak of a calm state of mind, and of a serene temper. 



Can, May. Can denotes possibility, may liberty 

 and probability: he who has sound limbs can walk; 

 but he may not walk in places which are prohibited. 



Candid, Open, Sincere. Candor obliges us to 

 acknowledge even that which may make against our- 

 selves; it is disinterested: openness impels us to utter 

 whatever passes in the mind ; it is unguarded : sincerity 

 prevents us from speaking what we do not think; it is 

 positive. 



< apacltv. Capaciousness. Capacity is an indefi- 

 nite term designating the property of being fit to hold 

 or receive, as applied to bodies generally; but capa- 

 ciousness denotes a fullness of this property as belonging 

 to a particular object in a great degree. Measuring the 

 capacity of vessels belongs to the science of mensu- 

 ration: the capaciousness of a room is to be observed 

 by the eye. 



Captious, Cross. Peevish, Petulant, Fretful. 

 Captious marks a readiness to be offended ; cross indicates 

 a readiness to offend or come across the wishes of others; 

 peevish expresses a strong degree of crossness; fretful 

 a complaining impatience; petulant a quick or sudden 

 impatience. Captiousness is the consequence of mis- 

 placed pride; crossness of ill-humor; peevishness and 

 fret ful ness of a painful irritability; petulance is either 

 the result of a naturally hasty temper or of a sudden 

 irritability. 



Capture, Seizure, Prize. A capture is made by force 

 of arms; a seizure by direct and personal force; prize 

 relates only to the thing taken, and its value to the 

 captor. 



( .. re. Solicitude, Anxiety. Care is the most 

 indefinite of the three; it may be accompanied with 

 pain or not. according to the nature of the object or the 

 intensity of the application: solicitude and anxiety are 

 accompanied with a positive degree of pain, the latter 

 still more than the former. Care may be exercised with 

 or without feeling ; solicitude has desire, mixed with fear ; 

 has distress for the present, mixed with fear for 

 the future. 



Care, Charge, Management. Care will include 

 both charge and management; but, in the strict sense, 

 it comprehends personal labor: charge involves respon- 

 sibility; management includes regulation and order. A 

 gardener has the care of a garden ; a nurse has the charge 

 of children; a steward has the management of a farm. 



( .1 refill. Cautious, Provident. Careful, or full of 

 care, that is, having care, is the general term; to be 

 cautious is to be careful in guarding against danger* 

 to be provident is to be carefufin preventing straits and 

 difficulties. The term careful is applied for the most 

 part to present matters, but provident only to that 

 which is future. One is careful of his money, but provi- 

 dent toward a time of need. 



Carnage, Slaughter, Massacre, Butchery. Car- 

 nage respects the number of dead bodies made; it is 

 the consequence of any impetuous attack from a power- 



fill enemy; slaughter respects the act of taking away 

 life, and the circumstances of the agent; massacre and 

 butchery respect the circumstances of the objects who 

 sufferers of the action; the latter three are said 

 of human beings only; defenseless women and children 

 are commonly butchered by the savage furies who are 

 most active in this work of blood. 



Carriage, Gait, Walk. Carriage is here the most 

 general term; it respects the manner of carrying the 

 bodv. whether in a state of motion or rest; gait is the 

 moue of carrying the limbs and body whenever we move: 

 walk is the manner of carrying the body when we move 

 forward to walk. 



Case, Cause. The case is matter of fact; the cause 

 is matter of question; a case involves circumstances and 

 consequences; a cause involves reasons and arguments; 

 a case is something to be learned; a cause is something 

 to be decided. 



Cast, Turn, Description. Cast, as applicable to 

 persons, respects that which they are made by circum- 

 stances; turn that which they are by themselves: thus 

 there are religious casts in India, that is, men cast in a 

 certain form of religion; and men of a particular moral 

 cast, that is, such as are cast in a particular mold as 

 rrspects their thinking and acting: so in like manner 

 men of a particular turn; that is, as respects their 

 inclinations and tastes; the description is that by which 

 a man is described or made known to others. 



Cause, Reason, Motive. Cause respects the order 

 and connection of things; reason the movements and 

 operations of the mind; motives the movements of the 

 mind and body. Cause is said of all inanimate objects; 

 reason and motive of rational agents: whatever happens 

 in the world happens from some cause mediate or imme- 

 diate; the primary or first cause of all is (iod: what- 

 ever opinions men hold, they ought to be able to assign 

 a substantial reason for them; and for whatever they 

 dp, they ought to have a sufficient motive. As the cause 

 gives birth to the effect, so does the reason give birth 

 to the conclusion, and the motive gives birth to the 

 action. 



To Cause, Occasion, Create. What is caused 

 seertis to follow naturally; what is occasioned follows 

 incidentally, or what occasions may be incidental, but 

 necessary: what is created receives its existence arbi- 

 trarily. A wound causes pain; accidents occasion 

 delay; busy bodies create mischief. 



Cautious, Wary, Circumspect. We must be 

 cautious on all occasions where there is danger, but we 

 must be wary where there is great danger. A trades- 

 man must be cautious in his dealings with all men, but 

 he must be wary when he has to deal with designing 

 men; circumspect is used in reference to matters of 

 theory or contemplation, when the mind is principally 

 employed; a man must be circumspect when he trans- 

 acts business of particular importance and delicacy. 



To Cease, Leave Off, Discontinue. Cease is used 

 either for particular actions or general habits; leave off 

 more usually and properly for particular actions; dis- 

 continue for general habits. A restless spoiled child 

 never ceases crying until it has obtained what it wants; 

 it is a mark of impatience not to cease lamenting when 

 one is in pain. A laborer leaves off his work at any given 

 hour. A delicate person discontinues his visits when 

 they are found not to be agreeable. 



To Celebrate. Commemorate. Everything is cele- 

 brated which is distinguished by any marks of attention, 

 without regard to the time of the event, whether present 

 or past; but nothing is commemorated but what has 



Celestial, Heavenly. Celestial is applied mostly in 

 the natural sense of the heavens; heavenly is employed 

 more commonly in a spiritual sense. Hence, we speak 

 of the celestial globe as distinguished from the terrestrial; 

 and of the celestial bodies. But, on the other hand, of 

 the heavenly habitation, of heavenly joys or bliss, of 

 heavenly spirits, and the like. 



To Censure, Carp, Cavil. To censure respects posi- 

 tive errors; to carp and cavil have regard to what is 

 trivial or imaginary: the former is employed for errors 

 in persons; the latter for supposed defects in things. 

 Carping arid caviling are resorted to only to indulge ill- 

 nature or self-conceit: party politicians carp at the 

 measures of administration; infidels cavil at the evi- 

 dences of Christianity, because they are determined to 

 disbelieve. 



Certain, Sure, Secure. Certain and sure have re- 

 gard to a person's convictions; secure to his interests or 

 condition: one is certain from actual knowledge or from 

 a belief in others; one is sure from a reliance upon others; 

 one is secure when free from danger. We can be certain 

 of nothing future but death; we may be sure that God 

 l will fulfill His promises in His own way; we may be 



