LANGUAGE 



229 



secure against any loss or mischief if we use proper pre- 

 cautions. 



.lion. Stop, Rest, Intermission. To cease 

 a the course of things; whatever does not go on 

 has ceased; things cease of themselves: stop respects 

 some external action or influence: nothing stops but 

 what is supposed to be stopped or hindered by another; 

 rest is a species of cessation that regards labor or exertion ; 

 whatever does not move or exert itself is at rest: inter- 

 mission is a species of cessation only' for a time or at cer- 

 tain intervals. That which ceases or stops is supposed 

 to be at an end ; rest or intermission supposes a renewal. 

 rhaiire. I ortune, Fate. Chance applies to all 



personal or otherwise; fortune and fate are 



said of that which is personal. Chance neither 

 forms, orders, nor designs: neither knowledge nor in- 

 tention is attributed to it; its events are uncertain and 

 variable: fortune forms plans and designs, but without 



we attribute to it an intention without discern- 

 ment ; it is said to be blind: fate forms plans and chains 

 of causes; intention, knowledge, and power are attributed 



.'ws are fixed, its results decisive. 

 ( h.iri. . Hazard. Both these terms are employed 

 to mark the course of future events, which is not discern- 

 ible by the human eye. With the Deity there is neither 



nor hazard; His plans are the result of omnis- 



but the designs and actions of men are all de- 

 pendent on chance or hazard. Chance may be favorable 

 or unfavorable, more commonly the former: hazard is 

 always unfavorable; it is properly a species of chance. 

 To ( dance, I vrhange, Barter. MibMittite. To 

 change in respect to persons is to take one for another, 

 without regard to whether they are alike or different, as 

 a king changes his ministers; any person may change 

 his servants: to exchange is to take one person in return 

 for another who is in like condition, as prisoners are ex- 

 changed in time of war. In respect to things, to change 

 is to take anything new or fresh, whether alike or differ- 



othes may be changed; to exchange is to take 

 one thing for another, that is, either of the same kind or 

 equivalent in value, as to exchange one commodity for 

 another. To change may often be the result of caprice, 



\change is always an act either of discretion or 

 necessity. To barter is the giving of any commodity for 



tnmodities. To substitute is to put one person 

 in the place of another for the purpose of doing any serv- 

 ice or filling any office, as to substitute one for another 



is been drawn for the militia. 



< h.mu'c. Variation, Vicissitude. Change consists 

 simply in ceasing to be the same: variation consists in 



Terent at different times; vicissitude in being 

 alternately or reciprocally different and the same. 



( hit i.i. i. I.. iicr. Character is any written or 



:nark that serves to designate something; a letter 

 is a species of character which is the constituent part of .a 



( ha racier. Id putation. Character lies in the man ; 

 it is the mark of what he is: it shows itself on all occa- 

 piiUttion depends upon others; it is what they 

 think of him. 



i.i-tin. To < h.i-n-e. Chasten has most re- 

 d. chastise to the means; the former is an 

 a>-t of t e latter a human action: God chastens 



His faithful people, to cleanse them from their trans- 

 gressions; parents chastise their children, to prevent the 



ti of faults. 



lo ( h. -.it. Defraud. Trick. One cheats by direct 



and gross falsehood or artifice; one defrauds by a settled 



p.an or contrivance; one tricks by a sudden invention. 



1<> < hr(U. < hid.-. Keprlinatid. Keproxe. |{. hnU<-. 



A penon is checked that he may not cont nine to do what 



\e; he is chidden for what he has done, that he 



may not repeat it: People are cheeked bv actions and 



look*, as well as word-; i !..-. are chidden by words only : 



a person may elude or reprimand in anger, he : 



ike-. \vuh coolness: great offense* call forth 



mistakes oei '<iuire a 



if condui i five rise to reproof; 



and improprieties >uke. 



I.. ( li.'k. "-top. ' 'irck -mmlies to imi*H|e the 



mod. in. t! ... tO move 



to stop (v. cessation) . is to cause it not to move 



i -. < hi ' r. i i (rage. Comfort. Co ehMr regards 



the resolution : the sa : 



to be cheered; the timid to be encourav 



have Ix.th regard t.. the -pints, 

 fers in decree and manner: to cheer expresses 

 more than to r.>n>f:t . the furmer icnifvinK to produce 



i painful 

 the moment" of de*pondencv. 



whether from real or imaginary cause*; we are corn- 



Chief, Principal, Main. Chief respects order and 

 rank; principal lias regard to importance and respecta- 

 bility; main to degree or quantity. We speak of a chief 

 clerk; a commander-in-chief ; the chief person in a city: 

 but the principal people in a city; the principal circum- 

 stances in a narrative, and the main object. 



Chief, Leader, Chieftain, Head. Chief respects 

 precedency in civil matters; leader regards the direction 

 of enterprises: chieftain is a species of leader; and head 

 is the superior in general concerns. 



To Choose, Prefer* To choose is to take one thing 

 I from among others; to prefer is to take one thing before 

 or rather than another. 



To Choose, Pick, Select. We may choose whatever 

 comes in our way without regard to the number of the 

 objects to be chosen from, but we pick or select out of a 

 number only; as to pick or select books from a library: 

 we may pick one or many out of a number, but we mostly 

 select a number. We select with even greater care than 

 we pick. 



( i fruit. Tour, Round. A circuit is made for a specif- 

 ic end of a serious kind ; a tour is always made for pleas- 

 ure; a round, like a circuit, is employed in matters of 

 business, but of a more familiar and ordinary kind. 



To Circumscribe, Inclose. The extent of any place 

 is drawn out to the eye by a circumscription ; its extent 

 is limited to a given point by an inclosure. A garden is 

 circumscribed by any ditch, line, or posts, that serve as 

 its boundaries; it is inclosed by wan or fence. 



Circumstance. Situation. Circumstance is to 

 situation as a part to a whole; many circumstances con- 

 stitute a situation : a situation is an aggregate of. cir- 

 cumstances. A person is said to be in circumstances of 

 affluence who has an abundance of everything essential 

 for his comfort; he is in an easy situation when nothing 

 exists to create uneasiness. 



Circumstanre, Incident, Fart, Incident is whit 

 happens; fact is what is done; circumstance is not only 

 what happens and is done, but whatever is or belongs to 

 a thing. To everything are annexed circumstances, 

 either of time, place, age, color, or other collateral ap- 

 pendages, which change its nature. Everything that 

 moves and operates is exposed to incidents; effects are 

 produced, results follow, and changes are brought about; 

 these are incidents: whatever moves and operates, does, 

 and what it produces is done or is the fact. 



Circumstantial, Particular. .Minute. Circum- 

 stantial expresses less than particular, and that less than 

 minute. A circumstantial account contains all leading 

 events; a particular account includes every event ami 

 movement, however trivial; a minute account omits 

 nothing as to person, time, place, figure, form, and every 

 other trivial circumstance connected with the events. 



To Cite, Quote. To cite is employed for persons or 

 things; to quote for things only; authors are cited, 

 passages from their works are quoted: we cite only by 

 authority; we quote for general purposes of conveni- 

 ence. 



Civil, Polite. These two epithets are employed to 

 denote different modes of acting in social intercourse: 

 polite expresses more than civil; it is possible to be civil 

 without being polite. Civility is contented with pleasing 

 when the occasion offers: politeness seeks the oppor- 

 tunity to please; it prevents the necessity of asking by 

 anticipating the wishes; it is full of delicate attentions. 

 and is an active benevolence in the minor concerns of 

 life. 



Civil. Obliuinir. Complaisant. Civil applies to 

 words or manner a well as to the action; obliging to the 

 action only. As civil is indefinite m us meaning, so it is 



Indiscriminate in Us application; obliging, on the other 

 hand, is confined to what passes between particular i>er- 

 ni.ler particular circumstances. Civil and oblig- 

 ing both imply a desire to do a kindness; complaisant 

 he desire ..f receiving pleasure, which is a refined 

 doing a kindness. 

 < i.in.ieximi . Been i. To do a thing clandestinely 



is t,, elude observation; to do a thing secretly i to do it 



without the knowledge of any one: what \* clandestine 



wed. which is not necessarily the case with what 



I'M < l.lsp. Ill m. I Mil,, M , . 



UK another m one's arms when it is 

 with the warmth of true atTe<-tion; hug \i> n hid 



.UK. which i- the consequence of ignorance or ex- 

 travagant feeling; embrace in simply a mode of ordinary 

 salutation. 



M>, \.. m-, . K ,n,, . i he general ounht ,e 



buiw of things are to be considered in olaMiiif : 

 ieh other must be considered [n 



thing lo IT attended lo m rnnffina. Clni- 



the pnriioM-n either of pubh,- policy ,,r science; arranging 



