LANGUAGE . 



247 



is internal. We invest a person with an office or a dig- 

 nity: a person is endued with good qualities; endow is 

 but a variation of endue, and yet it seems to have ac- 

 quired a distinct office: we may say that a person is 

 endued or endowed with a good understanding; but as 

 an act of the imagination endow is not to be substituted 

 for endue: for we do not say that it endows but endues 

 things with properties. 



Irrational. Foolish, Absurd, Preposterous. 

 Irrational is applicable more frequently to the thing than 

 to the person, to the principle than to the practice; 

 foolish, on the contrary, is commonly applicable to the 

 person as well as the thing; to the practice rather than 

 the principle; foolish is applied to anything, however 

 trivial, which in the smallest degree offends our under- 

 standing: the conduct of children is therefore often 

 foolish, but not absurd and preposterous; it is absurd 

 for a man to persuade another to do that which he in 

 like circumstances would object to do himself; it is 

 rous for a man to expose himself to the ridicule 

 of others, and then be angry with those who will not 

 treat him respectfully. 



Irreligious. Profane, Impious. All men who are 

 -.rively actuated by principles of religion are ir- 

 religious; profanity and impiety are. however, of a still 

 more heinous nature; they consist not in the mere ab- 

 sence of regard for religion, but in a positive contempt 

 of it and open outrage against its laws; the profane man 

 treats what is sacred as if it were profane; the impious 

 man i- directly opposed to the pious man; the former 

 is filled with defiance and rebellion against his Maker, 

 as the latter is with love and fear. 



.le.iioiis\, Lnvy, Suspicion. We are jealous of 

 what is our own; we are envious of what is another's. 

 Jealousy fears to lose what it has; envy is pained at 

 seeing others have that which it wants for itself; sus- 

 picion denotes an apprehension of injury, has more of 

 distrust in it than jealousy; the suspicious man is al- 

 together fearful of the intentions of another. 



Jon me \. Tra\el. Voyage. Journey signifies the 

 eoiir.se that is taken in the space of a day, or in general 

 any comparatively short passage from one place to an- 

 other; travel signifies such a course or pas-age as re- 

 quires labor, and causes fatigue; in general any long 

 cour.-e; voyage is now confined to pa--ai/.-- by sea. 



Joy, Gladness. Mirth. What creates joy and glad- 

 ness is of a permanent nature; that which creates mirt h 

 is temporary: joy is the most vivid sensation in the soul; 

 gladness is the same in quality, but. inferior in degree: 

 awakened in the mind by the most important 

 i life. 



Judgment, Discretion, Prudence. Judgment is 



conclusive; it. decides by positive inference; it enables 



a person to discover the truth: discretion is intuitive; 



tat or perceive- what is in all probability right; 



a person is prudent who does not inconsiderately expose 



himself to danger; a mca-ure i- prudent that guards 



against the chances of evil; the impetuosity of youth 



Iv impel- them to be imprudent. 



.lii-tn. --. ( orrectness. \\ , .--innate the value of 



remarks by their justness, that is, their accordance to 



certain admitted principles; correctness of outline is of 



imjiortance m drawing; correctness of dates 



<-es the value of a history. 



To K.-.-p. I't. -. t -\. -. ^.i \e. The idea of having in 

 one's possession i* common to all these terms; winch is. 

 however, the simple meaning of keep; to pre-erve 

 signifies to keep with care, ana free from all injury, to 

 save, from safe, is to keep laid up in a safe place, and 



.m de-t ruction. 



l\..-piiig. ( u-tod.\. The keeping amounts to little 

 than having DUIpOMly in one's pOMMsioO, mil 



i particular kind of keeping, for the purpose | 

 of preventing an escape; inanimate object! may be m 

 i;; but a prisoner, or thai which is m danger 

 of getting away, is place. I i 



lo l\n..\\. He \. i|>i. iinted \\illi. We may know 

 things or person* in varum- wav-; we may 1. 

 by name only; or we may know their intcrna 



aracters, etc.: one is acquainted with either a 

 M a thing, only in a direct manner, and by an un 

 oiii-c in one'- ..\\ ii ; 



Knou le.igi .^. i. -in . . i earning* 1 rudltlon* 



term which -imply iniphe- the thing 



kn -A \-tematic species of knowledge 



win. K i ule and order; learning i- I hat -|ecies 



of knowledge which <' '>r through 



KM of ]..-? ..-, il m-truction; erudition 



nil by piofound re-e:r 



I. .111. 1. < oiMilr>. The term land, in it- proper MM6. 

 exclude- the idea of habitation; tt 

 chide- that of the earth, or the part- of which i' 



posed; hence we speak of the land, a- rich or ; 



cording to what it yields: of a country, as rich or poor. 

 according to what its inhabitants possess. 



Large, Wide, Broad. A field is said to be wide both 

 from its figure and the extent of its space in the cross 

 directions; in like manner, a house is large from its ex- 

 tent in all directions; it is said to be wide from the ex- 

 tent which it runs in front; what is broad is it 

 and mostly in application, wide; large is opposed to 

 small; wide to close; broad to narrow. 



Laudable. Praiseworthy. ( oni inendable. Things 

 are laudable in themselves; they are praiseworthy or 

 commendable in this or that person; that whicn is 

 laudable is entitled to encouragement and general ap- 

 probation; an honest endeavor to be useful to one's 

 family or one's self is at all times laudable; what is 

 praiseworthy obtains the respect of all men. 



To Lay or Take Hold Of, Catch, Seize. Snatch, 

 Grasp, Gripe. To lay or take hold of is here the generic 

 expression; it denotes simply getting into one's poesea 

 sion, which is the common idea in the signification of all 

 these terms, which differ in regard to the motion in which 

 the action is performed; to catch is to lay hold of with 

 an effort; to seize is to lay hold of with violence; to 

 snatch is to lay hold of by a sudden effort. 



To Lead, Conduct. (iuidc. One leads by helping a 

 person onward in any manner, as to lead a child by the 

 hand; to conduct and guide are different modes of lead- 

 ing, the former by virtue of one's office or authority, the 

 latter by one's knowledge or power; as to conduct an 

 army; to guide a traveler in an unknown country. 



To Lean, Incline, Bend. In the proper sense, lean 

 and incline are both said of the position of bodies; bend 

 is said of the shape of bodies: that which leans rests on 

 one side, or in a sideward direction; that which inclines. 

 leans or turns only in a slight degree: that which bends 

 forms a curvature. 



To Leave, Quit. Relinquish. We leave that to 

 which we may intend to return; we quit that to which 

 we return no more: we relinquish i' unwillingly; we leave 

 persons or things; we quit arid relinquish things only. 



Lea \inus. K. mains. leavings are 



of a voluntary act: they signify what is left: remains 

 are what follow in the course of things; they are what 

 remains. 



Letter, Epistle. Letter is a term altogether fa- 

 miliar; it may be used for whatever is written by one 

 friend to another; even those which were written by the 

 ancients, as the letters of Cicero, Pliny, and Seneca; but 

 in strict propriety those are entitled epistles, as a term 

 most adapted to whatever has received the sanction of 

 ages, ana by the same rule, likewise, whatever is pe- 



culiarly solemn in its contents has acquired the 

 epithet, as the epistles of St. Paul. 



To Lie, Lay. To lie is neuter, and designates a state; 

 to lay is active, and denotes an action on an object ; it 

 is properly to cause to lie; a thing lies on the table; some 

 one lays it on the table. 



To Lift, Heave. Hoist. We lift with or without 

 an effort; we heave and hoist alway* with an effort; 

 we lift a child up to let him see anything more distinctly; 

 workmen heave the stone- or beams which are u-d in 

 a building; sailors hoist the long-boat into the water, 



Likeness. Keseml.lame. Similarity, or Simili- 

 tude, l.ikene.-- respects either external or internal 

 properties; re-cinblance re-jn-cts only the 

 properties; similarity respects (he cm ; 

 properties; we speak of a liken em between two ; 

 of a resemblance in the cast of the eve; of a similarity 

 in age and di-p.,-u ion. Similitude is a higher term than 

 similarit v \\hen u-cd in a moral sense. 



To Linger. Tarrv. filler. Lag. Saunter. To 



to -i "pal I >i;et her. or to move but slowly forward; 



to tarry is properly to su-pend one's movement-: the 



proceeds from reluctance to leave the spot on 



which we ltMKl; the latter from motive- of din 



to loitet | -lowly and reluctantly; to UK is to 



\\cr than others- to saunter is altogether tin 



act of an idler; those who have no object m moving 



either backward <>r fotward will saunter if they more 



Little, x,,,.,ll. Illmimilixe. \\ ,- 



-en-c m i. e; it i properly 



opposed to great: the small is that winch i- Ims than 

 her- m ix.int of bulk; it i- op|xi<Ml t<. the Urgr; the 

 diminutive i- that \\hi.-l ought to I.,-; .-- 



It., be diminutive m Mature who is below 



the ordmar\ -tattirr. 



I iTtng, ii.n.n... \\- -Hvik of n living iw a resource 

 immediately derived from the pan-h. m distinction 

 from n curacy, which io derived from nn Individual; we 

 n|Mak of a be by whi'h it 



i- held, according to the ecclr-in-tu.il law. 



i URN, A part turn I H. A lodging, or a place to 



