394 



THE STANDARD DICTIONARY OF FACTS 



service, and was successively American minister in Hol- 

 land, England, and Prussia, and as a senator (1803-1808) 

 he supported Jefferson's Embargo Act. From 1806-1809 

 he occupied the chair of rhetoric at Harvard I'olle^e. 

 After holding various offices, in 1825 he was elected Presi- 

 dent of the United States, and being returned to Congress 

 in 1830, became a vigorous supporter of the Abolitionists. 

 He was author of "Letters on Silesia," "Lectures on 

 Rhetoric," and a poem "Dermot MacMorrogh." Died. 

 1S4V 



Adams, Maude, actress; born (Kiskadden) in Salt 

 Lake City, November 11, 1872; her mother (stage name 

 "Adams ) was leading woman of stock company there. 

 Appeared on stage in child's parts; went to school; joined 

 E. H. Sothern Company, New York, at Hi: ingenue role 

 in the "Midnight Bell; '"' afterward in Charles Frohman's 

 Stock Company; later supported John Drew; pro- 

 nounced success in " Little Minister," 1897-98; started in 

 that play, 1898-99; also in L 1 A iglon, 1900-01 and subse- 

 quently in Shakesperian roles. 



Adams, O>< ;ir I :i\. author, lecturer upon literature 

 and architecture; born in Worcester Mass.; graduated at 

 New Jersey State Normal School. Author: Handbook 

 of English Authors; Handbook of American Authors; 

 Through the Year with the Poets (12 vols. edited); 

 Post-Laureate Idyls; Chapters from Jane Austen (edited) ; 

 Morris's "Atalanta's Race," with Notes (edited); Dear 

 Old Story Tellers; The Poets' Year (edited); The Story 

 of Jane Austen's Life; The Presumption of Sex ; Diction- 

 ary of American Authors (5th edition enlarged); The 

 Archbishop's Unguarded Moment, and Other Stories; 

 Some Famous American Schools. American editor of 

 The Henry Irving Shakespere. 



Adams, Samuel, one of the leading men of the 

 American Revolution; born in Boston, Mass., 1722. He 

 displayed on all occasions an unflinching zeal for popular 

 rights, and was, by the patriotic party, placed in the 

 legislature in 1766. Adams was a member of the first 

 Congress, and signed the Declaration of Independence in 

 1776; took an active part in framing the Constitution of 

 Massachusetts, and was for several years president of the 

 senate of that State. He held the office of lieutenant- 

 governor from 1789 to 1794, and of governor from that 

 time till 1797'. Died, 1803. 



Addams, Jane (Miss), head resident of Hull House; 

 born in Cedarville, 111., September 6, 1860; graduated at 

 Rockford* College, 1881; spent two years in Europe, 

 1883-85; studied in Philadelphia, 1888; in 1889 opened 

 with Miss Ellen Gates Starr, Social Settlement of Hull 

 House; has been inspector of streets and alleys in neigh- 

 borhood of Hull House; writer and lecturer on social and 

 political reform. Author: Democracy and Social Ethics. 



Addison, Joseph, born in 1672, passed from Charter- 

 house school to Queen's College, Oxford, and graduated 

 at Magdalen College in 1693. He spent four years travel- 

 ing on the Continent, returning in 1703, and in 1704, "The 

 Campaign," a poem celebrating the victory of Blenheim, 

 brought him into favor. In 1708 he was sent to Ireland 

 as secretary to the Lord Lieutenant. He contributed 

 largely to the "Tatler" and "Spectator" from their 

 commencement, and wrote 274 numbers for the latter. 

 In 1713 he brought his tragedy of "Cato" before the 

 public, and at Drury Lane it proved an unprecedented 

 success. In 1716 he married the Countess Dowager of 

 Warwick, and the following year was appointed secretary 

 of state. Died at Holland House in 1719. 



'Adler, Felix, educator, lecturer; born in Alzey, Ger- 

 many, August 13, 1851; studied of Hebrew rabbi; grad- 

 uated at Columbia, 1870; studied at Berlin (Ph. D.); 

 professor of Hebrew and Oriental literature at Cornell, 

 1874-76; established, 1876, New York Society for Ethi- 

 cal Culture, to which he gives regular Sundav discourses. 

 Professor of political and social ethics; Columbia Uni- 

 versity, member of editorial board of International 

 Journal of Ethics. Author: Creed and Deed; The 

 Moral Instruction of Children; Life and Destiny; Mar- 

 riage and Divorce; Religion of Duty. 



/Kschines, born 389 B. C., celebrated Athenian orator. 

 Failing in an attack on Demosthenes, was twice sent on | 

 an embassy to Philip of Macedonia, and retired to Rhodes 

 where he founded a school. Died, 314 B. C. 



/Eschylus, (es'-ke-lus), an eminent Greek tragedian, 

 born at Athens. Of ninety tragedies which he wrote, 

 fifty were crowned. Seven of them only remain; viz, 

 "The Prometheus Bound," "The Seven Chiefs before 

 Thebes," "The Persians," "Agamemnon," "The Choe- 

 phorae," "The Eumenides," and "The Suppliants." In 

 his old age, ^Eschylus retired to the court of Hiero, 

 King of Sicily. The oracle having predicted that the 

 fall of a house should prove fatal to him, he went to reside 

 in the fields, and was killed, it is said, by a tortoise 

 which an eagle dropped upon his head. Died, 456, B. C. 



\ ^np (e'-sop). A celebrated fabulist, said to have 

 i been born at Phrygia, 600 B. C. He was as deformed 

 1 in body as accomplished in mind, and was originally a 

 slave at Athens and at Samos. Having gained freedom 

 by his wit, he traveled through Asia Minor and Egypt, 

 and attached himself to the court of Croesus, King of 

 Lydia. Sent by that monarch upon an embassy to 

 Delphos, he so offended the inhabitants by the keenness 

 of his sarcasms, that they hurled him from a rock into 

 the sea. He was killed 560 B. C. His history appears 

 to be altogether legendary. 



Agassiz. Alexander, naturalist; born in Neuchatel, 

 Switzerland, December 17, 1835; graduated at Harvard, 

 1855; Lawrence Scientific School, B. S., 1857; on coast 

 survey of California, 1859; assistant in zoology, Harvard, 

 1860-65; developed and was superintendent, 1865-69, 

 Calumet & Hecla copper mines, Lake Superior: curator 

 Museum Comparative Zoological, Cambridge, 1874-85: 

 since engaged in zoological investigation. Appointed 

 director Museum Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, 1902; 

 appointed by Emperor William III. of Germany member 

 Order of Merit, 1902; member of Academy of Science, 

 Paris; president of National Academy of Science. Author, 

 "Explorations of Lake Titacaca," "List of the Echino- 

 derms," "Three Cruises of the Blake." "Revision of the 

 Echinse," "Pacific Coral Reefs," "Coral Reefs of the 

 Maldins," "Panamic Deep Sea Echini," etc. 



Agassiz, Louis Johann Rudolph, born 1807; emi- 

 nent naturalist, was the son of a Swiss Protestant clergy- 

 man. He studied medicine and graduated at Munich, 

 but devoted himself principally to ichthyology, and was 

 employed to classify and arrange the collection brought 

 from Brazil by Martius and Spix. In 1846, he went to 

 America, where he was well received, and accepted the 

 chair of zoology and geology at the University of Cam- 

 bridge (Harvard College). In 1865, he visited Brazil, 

 and on his return placed the large collection he had made 

 in the museum of Cambridge. He wrote numerous very 

 valuable works, and was to the last a disbeliever in the 

 Darwinian theory of evolution. Died, 1878. 



Agricola (a-grick'-o-la), (Cneius Julius), a Roman 

 governor of Britain under Vespasian, born A. D. 40. He 

 subjected Scotland and Ireland; reduced the Britons; 

 and, by his able government, preserved these territories 

 to the Romans. Domitian, jealous of his success, 

 recalled him; and Agricola withdrew to his estate, where 

 he died in 94. His life, written by his son-in-law, 

 Tacitus, is extant, and is considered a model of biographi- 

 cal writing. 



Aguinaldo, Emilio, v Famy, General. Born in 

 Imus, a village near Cavito, Luzon, May, 1868; educated 

 at St. Thomas by the Dominicans. He is short of stature, 

 with a Japanese cast of countenance. During the 

 rebellion of the Filipinos against Spain he was in constant 

 fear of assassination, as the Spanish Government offered 

 a reward of $25,000 for his head. He was the chief of 

 the insurgents and a capable man; acting as a dictator 

 he assumed sovereign power. In March, 1901, was cap- 

 tured by General Fred. Funston, a Kansas volunteer, 

 after being in constant flight. 



Aguesseau, Henri Francois d% born in 1668; orator 

 and advocate, took part in the contest between the Pope 

 and the Gallican Church, 1699; was made procureur- 

 general in 1700, and defended the Gallican Church against 

 the Ultramontane Party. After the death of Louis X I V. 

 was appointed chancellor in 1717, but was twice deprived 

 of the seals, retiring from Paris 1722, but was finally 

 restored in 1727. He was a great scholar and jurist. 

 Died, 1751. 



Aha/., eleventh king of Judah, and son of Jotham, 

 became tributary to Tiglath-Pileser, King of Assyria, 

 whom he had summoned to assist him in repelling the 

 kings of Israel and Damascus. He adopted the necro- 

 mantic practices of the Syrians, and died after a reign of 

 sixteen years. 



Alaric (al'-ar-ick) . Two kings of the Visigoths have 

 borne this appellation. Alaric I., after having despoiled 

 several provinces of the Roman Empire, in the reign of 

 Honorius, twice besieged Rome itself. At first he con- 

 tented himself with levying heavy contributions; when 

 he again invaded it, he plundered the city, and destroyed 

 its noblest monuments. In 406, he extorted from Hono- 

 rius the province of Spain, and a part of Gaul, and 

 established the kingdoms of the Visigoths. He died 

 in 411, whilst making preparations for the conquest of 

 Africa and Sicily. Alaric II., eighth King of the Visi- 

 Koths, came to the throne in 484. Besides Spain, he 

 possessed Languedoc Provence, and various other tracks 

 of country. Alaric held his court at Toulouse. Clovis I., 

 King of the Franks, jealous of his power, carried war 

 into the S9uth of Gaul. A great battle was fought near 

 Poictiers, in which Alaric fell by the hand of Clovis. 



